<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><rss xmlns:atom='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' version='2.0'><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Tue, 20 Oct 2009 02:49:20 +0000</lastBuildDate><title>MEDIA INFORMASI PENILIK INDONESIA</title><description>mari kita wujudkan Penilik sebagai quality assurance</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/</link><managingEditor>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>20</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-1642102861422091304</guid><pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2009 02:38:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-06-18T09:41:40.750+07:00</atom:updated><title>Kajian Historis Keberadaan dan Peran Penilik</title><description>Jabatan penilik telah ada sejak tahun 1984 yang ditetapkan dengan Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Nomor 0304/O/1984 dimana terdapat 3 penilik yang bertugas dan bertanggungjawab dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan di bidang pendidikan luar sekolah, yaitu; penilik pendidikan masyarakat, penilik pembinaan generasi muda dan penilik keolahragaan. Ketiga penilik tersebut adalah pejabat struktural eselon Va berada dan dibina oleh Kepala Kantor Depdikbud Kecamatan dan wilayah kerjanya mencakup satu wilayah comedian dalam bidang tugasnya masing-masing dengan batas usia pensiun sampai dengan 60 tahun. Tugas pokok ketiga penilik tersebut adalah: (i) menyusun rencana kegiatan tahunan yang menjadi tanggungjawabnya, (ii) mengendalikan termasuk membimbing pelaksanaan kurikulum (pendidikan masyarakat, pembinaan generasi muda dan keolahragaan) yang meliputi: jenis, metode, penyajian, dan penggunaan alat bantu pengajaran agar berlangsung sesuai dengan hasil yang diharapkan, (iii) mengendalikan termasuk membimbing tenaga teknis (pendidikan masyarakat, pembinaan generasi muda dan keolahragaan), (iv) mengendalikan termasuk membimbing pengadaan, penggunaan dan pemeliharaan sarana (pendidikan masyarakat, pembinaan generasi muda dan keolahragaan), (v) mengendalikan termasuk membimbing hubungan kerjasama organisasi/badan/lembaga yang bergerak di bidang (pendidikan masyarakat, pembinaan generasi muda dan keolahragaan) antara lain Pemerintah Daerah (Kecamatan) dan dunia usaha, (vi) menilai hasil pelaksanaan kurikulum (pendidikan masyarakat, pembinaan generasi muda dan keolahragaan), (vii) menilai pemanfaatan sarana (pendidikan masyarakat, pembinaan generasi muda dan keolahragaan), (viii) menilai efisiensi dan efektivitas hasil kegiatan (pendidikan masyarakat, pembinaan generasi muda dan keolahragaan), (ix) mengendalikan dan menilai kegiatan kursus yang dilaksanakan oleh pihak swasta (penilik pendidikan masyarakat), (x) mendorong terbentuknya dan membina kelompok belajar pendidikan masyarakat (penilik pendidikan masyarakat), kelompok organisasi kepemudaan (penilik pembinaan generasi muda), kelompok organisasi keolahragaan dan menginventarisasi jenis olahraga tradisional dalam masyarakat (penilik keolahragaan), (xi) menyampaikan laporan hasil pelaksanaan tugasnya kepada Kepala Kantor Depdiknas Kecamatan. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Berdasarkan tugas pokok penilik yang diatur dalam Keputusan Mendikbud Nomor. 0304/O/1984 tersebut bahwa keberadaan dan peran penilik pendidikan masyarakat, penilik pembinaan generasi muda dan penilik keolahragaan adalah dalam rangka merencanakan, melaksanakan, mengendalikan, mengevaluasi dan melaporkan hasil pelaksanaan program kepada  Kepala Kantor Depdikbud Kecamatan yang selanjutnya akan menjadi laporan kepada Kepala Kantor Depdikbud Kabupaten/Kota dan  Kepala Kantor Wilayah Depdikbud Propinsi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah memasuki era otonomi daerah dengan diberlakukannya Undang-undang Nomor 22 tahun 1999 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah sebagaimana telah diperbaharui dengan Undang-undang Nomor 32 tahun 2004, terjadi penyerahan kewenangan bidang pendidikan dan kebudayaan, termasuk semua asset dan  sumber daya manusia dari pemerintah pusat (Depdiknas) kepada Pemerintah Daerah Propinsi dan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten/Kota. Sejalan dengan itu, diberlakukan pula Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 84 tahun 2000 tentang Pedoman Organisasi Perangkat Daerah, bahwa jabatan struktural eselon V termasuk jabatan penilik ditiadakan, sehingga keberadaan penilik mengalami ketidakpastian. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dalam rangka mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, Depdiknas bersama dengan Kantor Meneg PAN dan BKN pada tahun 2002 merumuskan  jabatan fungsional penilik sebagaimana diatur dengan Keputusan Menpan Nomor 15/KEP/M.PAN/3/2002  tentang Jabatan Fungsional Penilik dan Angka Kreditnya. Dengan terbitnya Keputusan Menpan tersebut, maka keberadaan penilik dapat dipertahankan dan sekaligus dilakukan alih fungsi (inpassing) dari jabatan struktural eselon Va menjadi jabatan fungsional yang berkedudukan pada Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten/Kota. Selanjutnya Depdiknas dhi Ditjen PLSP sejak tahun 2003 melakukan sosialisasi untuk memberikan pemahaman tentang Keputusan Menpan dengan melibatkan semua pemangku kepentingan di tingkat kabupaten/kota (Dinas Pendidikan, Badan Kepegawaian Daerah/Biro Kepegawaian Pemda, dan Penilik seluruh Indonesia, baik melalui tatap muka maupun melalui pendistribusian himpunan keputusan yang terkait dengan Jabatan Fungsional Penilik.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-1642102861422091304?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2009/06/kajian-historis-keberadaan-dan-peran_18.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-9099606182127582418</guid><pubDate>Thu, 11 Jun 2009 10:59:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-06-11T18:04:08.808+07:00</atom:updated><title>TUTOR STUDY GROUP PACKAGE A,B,C IN NONFORMAL EDUCATION</title><description>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;oleh: Arif nasdianto&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;National Education is in the business life of the nation achieve more specific, goal directed in an effort to improve the quality of human resources and Indonesia as the most important factor in the implementation of national development. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Implementation of government policy in the framework of the above macro, the government emphasis on expanding opportunities for education for all Indonesian citizens, increasing the quality and efficiency of education management. Whereas in order to produce a micro is a graduate of quality education at every level and type. The creation of a quality graduate education is a systematic effort to contact each other between the Input, Process, Output and Outcome. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tutor (staff's) is one of the factors predictive factor is determine the success of activities in education. Therefore, efforts to increase the capacity and skills of teaching must be continually strived through education and training in accordance with their needs. This meant that the tutors Package A, B, C have the ability to do its work and professional skills, expertise and finesse that is required for a tutor to carry out the task of learning at the time of the tutorial, self-study guide and study groups. Requirements, among other things, (1) the material, (2) managing the program, (3) manage the class, (4) the runway education, (5) using the media / resources, (6) manage the learning interaction, ( 7) assess the achievement of learning, (8) the functions of guidance and counseling program in the study groups, (9) and conducting the administration PKBM / school, (10) understand the principles and interpret results of educational research for the sake of learning.&lt;br /&gt;Reality in the field showed that the implementation of the package A, B, C system is designed with the learning module can not run as expected, energy tutor package A, B, C are mostly not from education, many have not understand the model of learning modules, the minimal administration of the Package A, B, C, low Managerial Manager in carrying out the Program Package A, B, C, persuasive manager less visible to the tutor. This is due tutor training package A, B, C or less focus on the tutorial material, lack of a tutorial book. To managemen , then we as the inspector must give a proposal to the bureaucratic authorities immediately so that the implementation of training / upgrading specifically for tutors Program Package A, B, C. &lt;span style="color:#3333ff;"&gt;(ARIF NASDIANTO. Penilik Jakarta Timur)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-9099606182127582418?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2009/06/tutor-study-group-package-abc-in.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-8974206406541071278</guid><pubDate>Sat, 29 Nov 2008 15:58:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-11-29T23:16:55.658+07:00</atom:updated><title>HASIL EVALUASI KONTEKS PADA PENYELENGGARAAN PROGRAM PAKET C SETARA SMA DI JAKARTA TIMUR TAHUN 2007</title><description>&lt;p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;" align="center"&gt;&lt;st2:personname st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:givenname st="on"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;oleh:&lt;br /&gt;Arif Nasdianto&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-style: italic;"&gt;Penilik Jakarta Timur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/st1:givenname&gt;&lt;/st2:personname&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;1. &lt;st2:personname st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:givenname st="on"&gt;Prioritas&lt;/st1:givenname&gt; &lt;st1:sn st="on"&gt;Kebutuhan&lt;/st1:sn&gt;&lt;/st2:personname&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Arial;font-size:8;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;        Upaya yang dilakukan dari hasil &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;evaluasi konteks ini adalah memberikan gambaran dan rincian terhadap lingkungan, kebutuhan yang diatur perioritasnya, agar dapat menjawab pertanyaan “ Apakah tujuan &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Paket C setara SMA yang ingin dicapai, telah dirumuskan benar-benar dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat. Untuk itu dalam evaluasi konteks terhadap program paket C di wilayah Jakarta Timur, kebutuhan masyarakat /warga belajar dalam mengikuti program &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;antara lain ; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Arial;font-size:8;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Tabel. 5. Data tentang Prioritas Kebutuhan Warga Belajar dalam &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;mengikuti Program Paket C setara SMA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; width: 396.75pt; margin-left: 23.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="529"&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 15.5pt;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.45pt; height: 15.5pt;" valign="top" width="35"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 290.95pt; height: 15.5pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="388"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Kebutuhan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.25pt; height: 15.5pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="47"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;f&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.1pt; height: 15.5pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="59"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="height: 108.55pt;"&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 26.45pt; height: 108.55pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="35"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;2.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;3.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;4.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;6.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 290.95pt; height: 108.55pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="388"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;st2:personname st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:givenname st="on"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Mendapatkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:givenname&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt; &lt;st1:sn st="on"&gt;Pengetahuan&lt;/st1:sn&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st2:personname&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;, sikap, keterapilan dan ijazah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Dapat   bekerja/usaha mandiri setelah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;mendapt ijazah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Melanjutkan Perguruan Tinggi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Dapat teman Baru&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Mengikuti teman&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Alasan lain&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.25pt; height: 108.55pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="47"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;43&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;46&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.1pt; height: 108.55pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="59"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;43&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;46&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;"  lang="SV" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;        Melihat data di atas, maka warga belajar yang mengikuti program Paket C setara SMA terdapat 43 % beralasan memiliki kebutuhan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan, sikap dan ketrampilan setara dengan SMA, 46 % &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;untuk dapat bekerja atau dapat usaha mandiri, 7% memilik kebutuhan untuk melanjutkan ke Perguruan Tinggi, dan masing –masing mendapatkan 2% hanya ingin mendapatkan teman baru dan ikut teman, 0% menunjukan bahwa warga belajar tidak punya alasan lain&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;untuk mengikuti program paket C . &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Data di atas menginformasikan bahwa program paket C setara SMA dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat Jakarta Timur &lt;i style=""&gt;perioritas pertama &lt;/i&gt;adalah untuk modal mencari pekerjaan atau usaha mandiri, &lt;i style=""&gt;perioritas kedua&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;mendapatkan pengetahuan, sikap dan keterampilan setara SMA, &lt;i style=""&gt;perioritas ketiga&lt;/i&gt; melanjutkan ke Perguruan Tinggi. Dari tiga prioritas kebutuhan ini menunjukan bahwa program paket C setara SMA di Jakarta Timur tahun 2007 ada kesesuaian dengan tujuan Program Paket C sebagai Program Pendidikan Kesetaraan. Pernyataan tersebut, menandakan bahwa tujuan Program Paket C setara SMA di Jakarta Timur berjalan dengan baik.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Arial;font-size:8;"  lang="SV" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;2. &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Kondisi Lingkungan/Sosial&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Arial;font-size:8;"  lang="SV" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Selanjutnya dalam evaluasi konteks juga memberikan informasi kondisi lingkungan masyarakat/warga belajar. &lt;span style=""&gt;Hal tersebut ditandai oleh besarnya animo masyarakat yang berkeinginan untuk berpartisipasi sebagai peserta didik di dalam program Paket C. Apa yang menyebabkan hal ini di antaranya sebagai berikut :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Arial;font-size:6;"  lang="SV" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Tabel. 6. Data tentang Kondisi Lingkungan/Sosial Warga Belajar dalam&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;mengikuti Program Paket C setara SMA&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; width: 5.5in; margin-left: 23.4pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="528"&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style="height: 12.95pt;"&gt;   &lt;td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 27pt; height: 12.95pt;" valign="top" width="36"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;o&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 4in; height: 12.95pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="384"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Kebutuhan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.5in; height: 12.95pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="48"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;f&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt; height: 12.95pt;color:windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="60"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style="height: 90.7pt;"&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 27pt; height: 90.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext;" valign="top" width="36"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;2.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;3.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;4.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;6.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 4in; height: 90.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="384"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Keadaan   Orang Tua tidak mampu menyekolahkan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;st2:personname st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:givenname st="on"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Putus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:givenname&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt; &lt;st1:sn st="on"&gt;Sekolah&lt;/st1:sn&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st2:personname&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;st2:personname st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:givenname st="on"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Letak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:givenname&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt; &lt;st1:sn st="on"&gt;Sekolah&lt;/st1:sn&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st2:personname&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Arial;"&gt; formal Jauh&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Usia tidak memungkinkan sekolah di formal&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span  lang="FI" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Waktu tidak memungkinkan karena bekerja&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span  lang="FI" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Alasan lain&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.5in; height: 90.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="48"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;39&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;37&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;6&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;8&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;10&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style="border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 45pt; height: 90.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color;" valign="top" width="60"&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;39&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;37&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;6&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;8&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;10&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:Arial;font-size:8;"  lang="SV" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Animo masyarakat mengikuti program Paket C setara SMA dilandasi oleh kondisi lingkungan/sosial masyarakat itu sendiri. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari &lt;b&gt;tabel 6&lt;/b&gt;. bahwa masyarakat mengikuti program Paket C setara SMA , &lt;i style=""&gt;prioritas pertama,&lt;/i&gt; 39 % karena keadaan orang tua tidak mampu menyekolahkan anaknya di sekolah formal, &lt;i style=""&gt;kedua,&lt;/i&gt; 37% masyarakat putus sekolah, &lt;i style=""&gt;ketiga, &lt;/i&gt;10% karena waktu tidak memungkinkan warga masyarakat membaginya dengan bekerja, &lt;i style=""&gt;keempat&lt;/i&gt;, 8% usia sudah terlalu tua ke sekolah formal, &lt;i style=""&gt;kelima, &lt;/i&gt;6% letak sekolah formal jauh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;span  lang="SV" style="font-family:Arial;"&gt;Kondisi sosial dan lingkungan warga masyarakat, ternyata yang menjadikan Program Paket C setara SMA di Jakarta Timur tahun 2007&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;sangat diminati, hal ini&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;menunjukan bahwa Program Paket C di Jakarta Timur, sesuai dengan tujuan, fungsi dan sasaran Program Pendidikan Kesetaraan (Program Paket C setara SMA).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:12;"  lang="SV" &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-8974206406541071278?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/11/hasil-evaluasi-konteks-pada.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-6156889997183281833</guid><pubDate>Sat, 22 Nov 2008 06:56:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-11-22T14:12:22.162+07:00</atom:updated><title>PENTINGNYA TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI UNTUK  PENGEMBANGAN PROFESI PENILIK DALAM CYBER ERA</title><description>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Dikutip dalam Buku&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;H.A.R. Tilaar, &lt;i style=""&gt;Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia dalam Era Globalisasi: Visi, Misi, dan Program Aksi Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Menuju 2020&lt;/i&gt;, Gramedia, Jakarta, 1997&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;Resensi by:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Ikatan Penilik Indonesia  Pengurus Pusat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;PENDAHULUAN&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="IT"&gt;Penilik kini mulai mengikuti &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;era informasi. Apakah makna era informasi bagi kehidupan kerja seorang penilik? Era informasi yang didukung oleh revolusi teknologi informasi telah mengubah budaya Penilik menjadi paham dan cermat informasi artinya tidak GATEK DAN TELMI lagi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="IT"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Teknologi informasi yang telah memasuki seluruh sendi-sendi kehidupan Penilik. &lt;/span&gt;Kini menjadi popular apa yang disebut &lt;i style=""&gt;e-life&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i style=""&gt;E-life&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i style=""&gt;Electronic Life&lt;/i&gt;) telah merupakan suatu &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;gaya&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; hidup (&lt;i style=""&gt;life style&lt;/i&gt;). Kini kita mengenal &lt;i style=""&gt;E-commerse, e-business, e-learning, internet home&lt;/i&gt;, dan berbagai bentuk kehidupan teknologi canggih kini sedang melanda dunia.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;E-life&lt;/i&gt; secara pelan tapi pasti juga memasuki dunia perbukuan. &lt;i style=""&gt;E-life&lt;/i&gt; telah melahirkan &lt;i style=""&gt;e-book&lt;/i&gt; sebagaimana yang dipopulerkan di dalam pameran buku internasional ke-52 di Frankfrut dalam bulan Oktober 2000. di dalam pameran buku yang terkenal itu mulai dipopulerkan masyarakat &lt;i style=""&gt;e-book&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Lahirlah berbagai bentuk kebudayaan untuk menyimpan dan mentransmisikan informasi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Membicarakan dunia perbukuan sekurang-kurangnya meliputi tiga hal, yaitu adanya penulis yang berkarya melahirkan buku-buku, adanya pembaca yang memanfaatkan hasil karya penulis, dan akhirnya kehidupan industri perbukuan.di dalam era informasi atau di dalam era masyarakat digital, ketiga unsure perbukuan tersebut di pengaruhi oleh kemajuan teknologi.informasi. E-life yang memasuki dunia perbukuan sangat dipengaruhi dengan adanya perangkat keras yaitu processor yang semakin kecil sehingga sangat membantu di dalam kemudahan penggunaanya., perangkat lunak yang semakin canggih, dan teknologi komunikasi yang semakin murah. Keuntungan-keuntungan tersebut tentunya akan mengubah cara-cara penulisan buku, cara-cara membaca, dan proses memperoleh informasi, serta mengubah industri perbukuan dari bentuknya yang tradisional memasuki industri buku di dalam era &lt;i style=""&gt;cyber&lt;/i&gt; dengan budaya digitalnya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;ELEGIGUTENBERG ATAU ELEGI BIRKERTS?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Johann Gutenberg dianggap sebagai bapak penemu teknologi mencetak dengan huruf lepas. Pada tahun 1442 karya cetaknya telah ditemukan berupa sehelai kertas bertuliskan 11 baris huruf cetak. Kebudayaan umat manusia karenanya mengalami revolusi yang sngat menentukan di dalam pengembangan dan perluasan informasi kepada rakyat banyak. &lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Dapat kita gambarkan betapa bentuk kebudayaan manusia tanpa penemuan Gutenberg. Teknologi percetakan huruf lepas tersebut terus-menerus berkembang dan tersebar di seluruh dunia. Pada tanggal 29 November 1814 harian the times di London untuk pertama kali dicetak dengan menggunakan mesin cetak uap. Dan teknologi percetakan terus mengalami kemajuan yang sangat pesat sehingga pada tahun 1982 the times menjadi surat kabar Inggris pertama yang secara keseluruhan diset dengan metode fotografi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Revolusi terhadap duia percetakan tentunya memberikan kengann yang indah bagi umat manusia, kini dengan kemajuan teknologi yang pesat, teknologi digital, maka penemuan Johann Gutenberg seakan-akan hilang dan terlupakan. Tidak mengherankan seorang kutu buku bernama Sven Birkerts telah menulis buku yang sangat melankolis berjudul Elegi Gutenberg. Bikerts meratapi penemuan besar Gutenberg yang mengubah lifestyle umat manusia kini menuju kepada kematiannya. Bikert memang patut pesimis. Dia hidup di dalam suatu kebudayaan serba “alon-alon asl kelakon”. Dia menangisi akan lahirnya kebudayaan pop yang serba cepat dan segera berlalu sehingga kekurangan waktu untuk menghayati dan menikmati hasil-hasil karya tulis di dalam membaca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Ratapan Bikerts tidak sepenuhnya disetujui oleh Putut Wijanarko menunjukan adanya dua teritori yang kedua yang disebut teritori “syber space” yang melihat kepada kemungkinan-kemungkinan yang tak terbatas dari kemajuan teknologi informasi. Memang masih diragukan efektivitas darisarana baru terhadap intensitas baca dan menikmati hasil-hasilsastra. Namun demikian, gelombang perubahan teknologi informasi tidak dapat dibendung oleh siapa saja.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Dewasa ini Penilik mulai mengenal revolusi di dalam penyebaran informasi bacaan melalui amazon.com, press on Demand (POD), dan berbagai teknologi informasi lainnya seperti took buku on-line dan e-matter.rupa-rupanya Guternberg tidak perlu sedih hati oleh sebab betapa pun perubahan yang terjadidi dalam teknologi penyebaran informasi, tetap saja hasilkarya tulisan dengan cepat dan lebih murah kini direalisasikan seluas-luasnya tanpa batas untuk umat manusia. Memang kemajuan teknologi informasi yang sangat pesat telah menghilangkan berbagai jenis pekerjaan yang telah dilahirkan oleh penemuan peralatan cetak sejak Guternberg.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;B.&lt;span style=""&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;LAHIRNYA GENERASI BARU: THENET-GENERATION&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Perubahan teknologi informasi telah mempengaruhi pengadaan, penyebaran dan penyajian data-data informasi dan pengetahuan serta sastra. &lt;/span&gt;Telah lahir duniamaya dengan informasi yang tanpabatas dan secara bertahap akanmudah dikuasai oleh umat manusia. Dengan kemajuan teknologi informasi tersebut, menurut pengamatan Don Tapscott telah lahir suatu generasi baru yang disebut &lt;i style=""&gt;the net-generation&lt;/i&gt; atau ”&lt;i style=""&gt;N-Gen&lt;/i&gt;”.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;The net-generation, atau generasi internet adalah generasi baru yang muncul pada dua decade terakhir abad 20. generasi ini hidup dengan dunia digital atau computer, hidup di dalam samudra informasi yang dapat di akses di mana saja dan kapan saja. Ditompang oleh perangkat-perangkat lunak computer yang semakin canggih serta biaya komunikasi yang semakin murah, maka arus informasi akan semakin dapat di jangkau oleh semua orang.revolusi ini tentunya menuntut cara-cara baru dalam penguasaan ilmu pengetahuan, informasi, dan hasil karya sastra. &lt;span style="" lang="IT"&gt;Tentunya banyak cara dalam metodologi, apresiasi serta penulisan informasi yang dikenal selama ini akan di ubah. Inilah budaya baru yang dilahirkan oleh kemajuan teknologi informasi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="IT"&gt;Bagaimana impact dari teknologi baru ini terhadap proses belajar dari net generation? &lt;/span&gt;Don Tapscott menyatakan sebagai berikut.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;i style=""&gt;At the heart of N-Gen culture is interactivity. Children today increasingly are participatiants not viewers. They are incited to discourse.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Pengamatan Don Tapscott ini mengandung tiga unsure proses belajar yang asing di dalam budaya lama, yaitu : interaktif, partisipasi, dan diskursus. Budaya interaktif memerlukan suatu proses belajar-mengajar yang baru, oleh karena peserta yang belajar atau pembelajaran bukan bersifat pasif tetapiaktif. Si pembelajar berinteraksi dengan sesame, dengan para pakar baik secara langsung maupun melalui kerya-karya dengan menggunakan perangkat internet. Di dalam proses interaktif tersebut maka si pembelajar adalah seseorang partisipasian dan bukan seorang boneka yang sekedar hanyamenerimasegalasesuatu yang dituangkan kedalamnya, seperti system bank menurut Paulo Freire. Demikian pula &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;di dalam proses interaktif tersebut, si pembelajar bukanlah pasif tetapi secaraaktif mengadakan diskursus mengenai segala hal yang ditemukan di dalam pengembaraanya dalam dunia maya tanpa batas.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Proses pembelajaran tentu meminta sosok seseorang teman mitra belajar dan sarana belajar yang berbeda. Sarana belajar tidak terbatas di dalam kelas, “school without walls”, juga tidak tergantung pada seorang guru karena guru sekedar hanya sebagai fasilitator, juga tidak terbatas pada buku-buku teks, atau buku-buku perpustakaan, karena informasi dapat diketahui dan di analisis dari berbagai sumber. Yang diperlukandi sini ialah kemampuan daya analisis. Proses pembelajaran ini berkembang sangat pesat. Sebelum perkembangan televisi maka yang dipentingkan ialah pertemuan tatap muka. Dengan adanya televise si pembelajar menjadi pemirsa.(viewer), dan ditemukannya net sebgai server makasi pembelajar menjadi penegmbara (roamer). &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Para&lt;/st1:place&gt; pakar teknologi informasi mengatakan bahwa the web telah menelan televise. &lt;span style="" lang="FI"&gt;Apabilatelevisi menekankankepada kemampuan melihat maka the web menuntut kemampuan membaca dan melihat.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="FI"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Mengenai budaya baru N-Gen, yang tentunya mempengaruhi dunia perbukuan, kita ambil hasil pengamatan Don Tapscott sebagai berikut. N-Generation cenderung untuk berfikir bebas, mempunyai keterbukaan emosional dan intelektual,serta memiliki budaya inklusivisme. Selanjutnya, generasi ini mempunyai kebebasan untuk menyatakan sesuatu, mempunyai kebudayaan untuk berinovasi, sertasesuatu sikap kematangan karena tidak terikat kepada doktri-doktrin tertentu. Mereka mempunyai budaya untuk menyelidiki dan tidak puas terhadapsesuatu penemuan. Oleh karena informasi terus bertambah, diperkaya, dan berubah maka generasi ini adalah generasi yang percaya kepada kekinian. Mereka tidak cepat percaya terhadap propaganda-propaganda gombal tanpa alas an-alasan yang rasional, dan oleh sebab itu pula mereka cenderung untuk membangun suatu bangsa yang otentik. Tentunya semua sikap ini mengubah proses pembelajaran dai N-Gen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="FI"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Ada sesuatu yang menarik dalam revolusi belajar semacam ini. Duncan Grey mengatakan bahwa diperlukan suatu generasi guru untuk mengedopsi dan beradaptasi dengan proses pembelajaran yang baru itu. Hal ini perlu mendapatkan perhatian kita. Di dalam suatu konferensi internasional disponsori oleh PBB dan UNESCO bulan juli 2000, dibicarakan mengenai adanya digital divide antara Negara industri dan Negara-negara berkembang. Gap iniakan semakin lama semakin besar apabila tidak diambil langkah-langkah dari dunia berkembang maupun dari dunia industri untuk membantu mengatasinya. Sementara itudunia berkembang perlu mempersiapkan diri menghadapi perubahan besar di dalam teknologi informasi dalam rangka untuk mewujudkan cita-cita konferensiYom Tien 1990, “Education for All”,yang mengalami berbagai kendala termasuk keterbatasan biaya serta keterbatasan teknologi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="FI"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="FI"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="IT"&gt;C. MANAJEMEN PENULISAN BUKU DALAM ERA-MAYA &lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="IT"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="IT"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Dalam spider-gram mengenai eksetensi buku, sekurang-kurannya ada tiga unsure utama yaitu para penulis buku, adanya pembaca atau yang memanfaatkan buku tersebut, serta industri buku yang bertalian dengan produksi, pemasaran dan distribusi buku. Antara pembaca dan penulis lahirlah karya tulis. Karya tulis tersebut haruslah memiliki berbagai criteria seperti karya yangdapat dibaca atau diperlukan oleh masyarakat pembaca, adanya penulis yang mampu membukukan hasil karyanya dalam bentuk tulisan, serta karya yang pantas diterbitkan sehingga memenuhi criteria atau tuntutan industri perbukuan. Selanjutnya, karya yang pantas diterbitkan antara lain memenuhi syarat-syarat cara penyajian yang menarik dan mudah sertadisajikan dalam bahasa yang baik dan benar. Karya yang dibaca dapat berkenaan dengan isi yang sesuai dengan target pembaca, juga dengan jenis-jenis bidang ilmu dan sastra.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Mengenai penulis, berkenaan dengan adanya motivasi penulis, oleh karena si penulis dapat memperoleh kepuasan serta penghargaan masyarakat yang setimpal.keseluruhan unsure-unsur tersebut merupakan manajemen penulisan buku yang kita kenal secara tradisional. Tentunya masih banyak pula unsur-unsur yang mempengaruhi perkembangan dunia perbukuan, antara lain adanya politik pengadaan pembukkuan yang kondusif, perkembangan cinta dan minat baca, sertaapresiasi masyarakat untuk memanfaatkan buku bagi perkembangan pribadi serta penguasaan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Dalam era teknologi informasi yang maju pesat tentunya manajemen penulisan atau pengadaan buku di dalam masyarakat tidak lagi dapat mempertahankan unsure-unsur tradisional seperti diatas. Baik penulisan, isi, dan pemasaran dari buku-buku tersebut akan berubah seperti yang telah dikemukakan. Perubahan-perubahan tersebut menuntut suatu jenis manajemen baru yang sesuai dengan era teknologi informasi yang serba cepat, akurat, kekinian, terbuka, dan murah.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="IT"&gt;Bagaimanakah dengan keadaan kita di Indonesia? Meskipun Indonesi termasuk salah satu Negara yang sangat kurang produktif di dalam pengadaan buku, namun demikian kita sudah harus mengambil ancang-ancang untuk menghadapi perubahan teknologi informasi yang akanmempengaruhio industri pengadaan, pemanfaatan dan distribusi. Mungkin masih banyak orang yang ragu mengenai kemampuan teknologi kita, namun hal tersebut tidak mengurangi tekad kita untuk mulai mengadakan persiapan-persiapan menghadapi kenyataan yang sudah berada di depan mata kita.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="IT"&gt;Pertama-tama perlu kita berikan prioritas ialah pengadaan buku-buku pelajaran dan buku-buku universitas. Menurut pendapat para pakar, di Negara-negara berkembang pengadaan buku teks dan buku universitas masih sangat penting dan diperlukan tanggung jawab pemerintah. Di Amerika sendiri yang terkenaldemikian maju industri perbukuannya, pengadaan buku-buku teks dan buku-buku universitas masih merupakan seperempat dari total industri perbukuannya. Pengadaan buku teks dan buku-buku universitas memerlukan para penulis yang memenuhi kriteria-kriteria tertentu sesuai dengan tuntunan era teknologi informasi dan budaya N-Gen. mengenai buku-buku universitas masih akan terus berlaku tuntutan (Publish on perish). Apabila pendidikan tinggi Indonesia ingin meningkatkan mutu kualitasnya yang masih serba rendah maka perlu digalakkan penulisan buku-buku universitas yang bermutu tinggi. Selain dari pada itu, dalam rangka membangun researchuniversity di Indonesia menuntut berbagai jenis penelitian yang dilaksanakan di lingkungan pendidikan tinggi kita serba publikasi dari hasil penelitiannya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="IT"&gt;Penulisan buku untuk universitas sekarang dipermudah dengan tersedianya informasi-informasi yang diperlukan oleh para penulis, misalnya penerbit McGraw-Hill menyediakan data-base intellectual bagi para professor yang ingin menulis buku-bukunya. Perlu kita ingat lagi bahwa tingkat pengetahuan mahasiswa yang akan dating, karenasikap dan fasilitas yang tersedia, memungkinkan mereka menuntut buku-buku teks yang bukan hanya up-todate tetapi yang membuka cakrawala yang lebih luas baginya..Aksesbilitas informasi yang tak terbatas menuntut penulisan buku-buku universitas yang berkualitas tinggi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;D.&lt;span style=""&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;HARAPAN UNTUK MASA DEPAN&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Demikianlah telah diutarakan mengenai revolusi eksistensi buku di dalam era-maya dewasa ini. Pertanyaan yang muncul di dalam benak kita ialah apa yang perlu dan harus kitaperbuat? Di tengah-tengah arus globalisasi dewasa ini kita tidak dapat mengabaikan begitu saja perubahan yang terjadi di sekitar kita apabila kita tidak mau ketinggalan di dalam kehidupan globalyang terbuka. Langkah-langkah konkret mesti diambil sekarang juga. Berdasarkan pengamatan kemajuan teknologi informasi dan lahirnya budaya N-Gen maka langkah-langkah berikut ini perludilaksanakan.&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:8;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;1.&lt;span style=""&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;Perlunya Quantum Leap di dalam Pengembangan Perbukuan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Menghadapi perubahan yang besar tersebut maka perlu diadakan suatu loncatan kuantum (&lt;i style=""&gt;quantum leap&lt;/i&gt;) dalam perbukuan kita, yaitu dari keadaan tradisional menuju kepada pengadaan buku sesuai dengan tuntutan dunia maya. Langkah-langkah tersebut antara lain adanya kemauan politik pemerintah untukmenciptakan iklim yang kondusif untuk lahirnya industri perbukuan. Industri perbukuan terutama di Negara berkembang, belum menarik bagi para investor. Hal ini melahirkan suatu lingkaran setan yang mematikan dunia perbukuan di Indonesia. Oleh sebab itu diperlukan suatu intervensi pemerintah untuk melahirkan dan mengembangkan suatu dunia perbukuan yang menarik. Dewan Buku Nasional yang kuat sebagai pengganti Badan Pengembangan Perbukuan Nasional (BPPN) sudah perlu di lahirkan.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="FI"&gt;Selain dari pada itu gerakan buku murah perlu digalakkan. Bahwa ada penelitian yang menyatakan minat baca tidak tergantung kepada harga buku perlu diragukan. Tidak ada suatu Negara di dunia di mana masyarakatnya mempunyai minat baca yang tinggi tetapi tidak disokong oleh harga buku yang dapat terjangkau. Dengan meningkatnya minat baca maka apresiasi buku dapat digalakkan baik itu buku sastra, ilmu pengetahuan popular, buku ilmiah, ataupun bacaan untuk masa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:8;" lang="FI" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;2.&lt;span style=""&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Persiapan Pengadaan Buku Cyber (E-Book)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="SV"&gt;Sesuai dengan perkembangan teknologi informasi di dalam pengadaan buku, maka penguasaan terhadap teknologi tersebut sudah harus dimulai, industri buku Indonesia sudah perlu mengambil ancang-ancang untuk penerapan teknologi pengadaan buku &lt;i style=""&gt;Cyber.&lt;/i&gt; sejalan dengan itu persiapan bagi para penulis &lt;i style=""&gt;e-book&lt;/i&gt; sudah harus dimulai agar supaya para penulis tersebut telah siap dan memperoleh stimulasi untuk menulis buku-buku yang sesuai. Demikian pula pemasyarakatan buku-buku &lt;i style=""&gt;cyber&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i style=""&gt;(e-book)&lt;/i&gt;, baik di dalam pengadaan perangkat keras maupun perangkat lunak agar supaya semakin lama semakin terjangkau oleh daya beli masyarakat. Hal ini sudah diterapkan oleh Depdiknas dalam sekolah maya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;3.&lt;span style=""&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;Penilik &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;yang Terampil&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"&gt;Penggunaan &lt;i style=""&gt;e-book&lt;/i&gt; mulai dilaksanakan di sekolah-sekolah atau SKB / PKBM dalam penyediaan buku-buku &lt;i style=""&gt;cyber&lt;/i&gt; tersebut. Di dalam pelaksanaan program tersebut yang menjadi kunci adalah Tutor yang terampil. Seperti yang dikemukakan oleh pakar pendidikan internet di sekolah, Duncan Grey, para guru dewasa ini kebanyakan buta di dalam penguasaan teknologi informasi yang diperlukan. Apakah sama dengan peniliknya Oleh sebab itu, sudah harus dimulai pesiapan Tutor, Pamong Belajar, Penilik sebagai &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;generasi baru yang menguasai pemanfatan teknologi informasi di dalam proses pembelajaran.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-6156889997183281833?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/11/pentingnya-teknolodi-informasi-untuk.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-3106887508882580186</guid><pubDate>Mon, 10 Nov 2008 06:02:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-11-10T13:05:11.624+07:00</atom:updated><title>PELANTIKAN IPI CABANG KAB SITUBONDO JAWA TIMUR</title><description>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"&gt;Mengacu dengan diterbitkannya surat unstruksi Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia serta PP Nomor 41 Tahun 2004 tentang struktur dan tata organisasi, Rabu siang kemarin sekitar pukul 09.00 WIB Kepala Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Situbondo menggelar diklat dan pengangkatan Ikatan Penilik Indonesia (IPI) Cabang Situbondo periode Tahun 2008 – 2013.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"&gt;Pengangkatan terhadap sejumlah Penilik Indonesia Cabang Situbondo tersebut diharapkan kedepan lembaga ini bisa lebih maksimal dalam melakukan monitoring terhadap pendidikan Kabupaten Situbondo, khususnya untuk Pendidikan Luar Sekolah (PLS) di Kabupaten Situbondo. Seperti disampaikan Ketua Umum IPI Propinsi Jawa Timur, Arip Puji, E.Sos mengatakan bahwa pihaknya akan membekali semua penilik untuk dapat lebih aktif menjalakan tugas sebagai penilik kegiatan luar sekolah seperti PAUD dan Kegiatan Keaksaraan Fungsional (KF).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"&gt;Sementara dikonfirmasi terpisah Kepala Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Situbondo, Drs. Fathorahman mengatakan bahwa pihaknya sangat mendukung dengan pengangkatan IPI Cabang Situbondo, selain itu dengan dibentuknya IPI tersebut pelaksanaan dan kegiatan PLS di Kabupaten Situbondo dapat berjalan sesuai harapan Pemerintah. Lebih jauh Fathorahman mengatakan, mengacu pada PP Nomor 41 Tahun 2004 yang mengatur terhadap struktur dan tata organisasi diharapkan untuk mempermudah rencana Kantor Pendidikan Nasional Kabupaten Situbondo akan menambah satu unit kerja yakni Kasi PAUD. Untuk sementara ini jumlah penilik kegiatan program PLS di masing – masing wilayah kecamatan akan dipersiapkan masing – masing sebanyak 3 personil dan untuk kepengurusan IPI Cabang Situbondo Tahun 2008 – 2013 dipercayakan kepada Drs. M. Zaini dari Kecamatan Bungatan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;font-family:Verdana, tahoma, helvetica, arial;font-size:85%;color:#555555;"   &gt;&lt;b&gt;Date:  &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;font-family:Verdana, tahoma, helvetica, arial;font-size:85%;color:#555555;"   &gt;2008-11-06 06:26:58  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;font-family:Verdana, tahoma, helvetica, arial;font-size:85%;color:#555555;"   &gt;&lt;b&gt;Name:  &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;font-family:Verdana, tahoma, helvetica, arial;font-size:85%;color:#555555;"   &gt;Situ Bondo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;font-family:Verdana, tahoma, helvetica, arial;font-size:85%;color:#555555;"   &gt;&lt;b&gt;Web:  &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8pt;font-family:Verdana, tahoma, helvetica, arial;font-size:85%;color:#555555;"   &gt;&lt;a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="http://situbondo.go.id/pemda/"&gt;http://situbondo.go.id/pemda/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-3106887508882580186?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/11/pelantikan-ipi-cabang-kab-situbondo.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-216017924770286836</guid><pubDate>Wed, 22 Oct 2008 13:31:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-10-22T20:33:52.000+07:00</atom:updated><title>RESUME : QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM FOR NON-FORMAL EDUCATION TEACHERS AND EDUCATION PERSONNEL</title><description>&lt;h2&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="entry"&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000080;"&gt;Quality improvement program for non-formal  education teachers and education personnel is intended to improve the quantity  and the quality(qualification and competence) of NFTEP to support the existence  of qualified non-formal education program and relevant to the needs of the  community. So that, it needs strategic non-formal education program and  activities to achieve the five year target.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000080;"&gt;The focus of the NFETEP quality improvement  program covers six strategic programs, namely:(1) Planning and strategy of  Fulfiling the Needs For NFETEP, (2) Improving the quality of non-formal  education teachers, (3) Improving the quality of non-formal education presonnel,  (4) Providing rewards, welfare, and protection For NFETEP, (5) Developing  professsional organization of NFETEP, and (6) Improving the quality of NFETEP  service.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color:#ff0000;"&gt;(Arif Nasdianto Penilik DKI Jakarta,  Indonesia)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-216017924770286836?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/10/resume-quality-improvement-program-for.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-5888422967742205140</guid><pubDate>Tue, 21 Oct 2008 17:48:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-10-27T14:47:13.178+07:00</atom:updated><title>DIKLAT PEMBUATAN WEBLOG IPI PROVINSI SE-INDONESIA</title><description>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"&gt;Pelatihan pembu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"&gt;atan weblog organisasi Ikatan Penilik Indonesia (IPI)  yang diprakarsasi oleh pengurus pusat IPI dan telah diselenggarakan di P4TK Bahasa DKI  Jakarta pada tanggal 9 s.d. 13 September 2008.   Peserta terdiri dari 20 pengurus  IPI Provinsi, 2 peserta utusan dari pengurus Pusat IPI. Kegiatan ini diresmikan  oleh Direktur PTKPNF &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"&gt;Dirjen PMPTK Depdiknas RI Bapak Erman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"&gt;Adapun Narasumber Teknis dibawakan oleh  Ketua Forum IT Bapak Kosasih , M.Kom dan Tenaga IT dari Pengurus Pusat IPI yakni  Drs. Arif Nasdianto,. Materi yang diberikan kepada peserta adalah praktek  langsung pembuatan Acount email dan pembuatan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"&gt;weblog dengan situs  blogspot.com.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"&gt;Pelatihan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"&gt;kompetensi pendidikan para Tenaga Kependidikan Nonformal khususnya para penilik,  dengan terselenggaranya pelatihan ini maka akan terbina 22 penilik sebagai  master trainer bidang pembuatan weblog yang pada gilirannya dapat ditularkan  kembali di daerahnya masing-masing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);"&gt;Diklat ini ditutup  secara resmi oleh ketua umum Ikatan Penilik Indonesia Drs. Endro Harjanto, M.Pd  pada tanggal 13 september 2008 yang didampingi olehKetua IV  Drs. Madroji dan  Plt. Sekjen IPI Pusat&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Drs. Arif  Nasdianto&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-5888422967742205140?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/10/diklat-pembuatan-weblog-ipi-provinsi-se.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-4805544620409933583</guid><pubDate>Mon, 20 Oct 2008 01:44:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-10-20T08:50:28.950+07:00</atom:updated><title>Training Program for NFE Facilitator</title><description>By: Ms. Sri Wahyuningsih&lt;br /&gt;Trainer/Technical Staff&lt;br /&gt;Center for Development of Learning Activity(BPKB) Jayagiri, Lembang Bandung&lt;br /&gt;Indonesia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A. Training on Capacity Building Team of PKBM-based NFE&lt;br /&gt;1. Implementing agency&lt;br /&gt;BPKB Jayagiri as Central UPT (Technical Executor Unit) has conducted integrated&lt;br /&gt;training for stake holders of PKBM based NFE all over west java province. It’s intended&lt;br /&gt;that Pamong Belajar (PB) SKB (technical staffs in District Learning Centre).&lt;br /&gt;The objectives of the training were: (1) to up grade the managerial skills for NFE’s&lt;br /&gt;stake holders that oriented of the implementation of NFE based PKBM and strengthening on&lt;br /&gt;mechanism of NFE technical assistances (2) to improve NFE management skills (3) to&lt;br /&gt;strengthen the system of partnership networking from village and sub district le vel.&lt;br /&gt;Penilik PLS (NFE Supervisor in sub district) Managers PKBM, Managers program&lt;br /&gt;and Tutors should have same perception and vision on the implementation of PKBM-based&lt;br /&gt;NFE, as well as they could internalize their respective roles and tasks and enhance capacity&lt;br /&gt;building team. The frame of thinking mentioned above could be represented the below&lt;br /&gt;figure.&lt;br /&gt;Remarks&lt;br /&gt;: Role &amp;amp; Responsible&lt;br /&gt;: Coordination &amp;amp;&lt;br /&gt;collaboration&lt;br /&gt;among them&lt;br /&gt;SUPERVISOR&lt;br /&gt;IN DISTRICT&lt;br /&gt;TECHNICAL&lt;br /&gt;STAFF&lt;br /&gt;COMMUNITY&lt;br /&gt;BASED PKBM&lt;br /&gt;MANAGERS&lt;br /&gt;OF PKBM&lt;br /&gt;Page 2&lt;br /&gt;Asia-Pacific Literacy Data Base http://www.accu.or.jp/litdbase&lt;br /&gt;There are some reasons which confirm this training :&lt;br /&gt;·  Trainers are PB SKB, Penilik PLS, Managers of PKBM, Program Managers and&lt;br /&gt;Tutor&lt;br /&gt;·  Training curriculum is designed based on learning needs and learning problems&lt;br /&gt;which experienced by PB, Penilik, Managers of PKBM, Program Managers and&lt;br /&gt;Tutor&lt;br /&gt;·  Teaching learning activities is conducted in the integrated learning setting where&lt;br /&gt;PB, Penilik, Mana gers of PKBM, Program Manager &amp;amp; Tutor join together as a&lt;br /&gt;teamwork to achieve the same understanding and to solve the problems deals&lt;br /&gt;with PKBM-based NFE program activities. For specific materials, the class is&lt;br /&gt;split due to the function and job description of each trainers group. Through&lt;br /&gt;these processes, the some understanding will be achieved as well as a solid&lt;br /&gt;teamwork.&lt;br /&gt;·  The training includes Praktek Kerja Lapangan (Field Work Experience) in&lt;br /&gt;which trainers from the same district are assigned to assist a lab-site-PKBM.&lt;br /&gt;During their process, every trainer share knowledge and experience to each&lt;br /&gt;other since there are only two facilitators for each group as final reference.&lt;br /&gt;·  At the end of the training, PB, Penilik, Managers of PKBM, PLS program&lt;br /&gt;managers and tutor from the same district are gather to design an RKTL (follow&lt;br /&gt;up program) as a reference when they start to work after the training completed.&lt;br /&gt;2. Fund sources&lt;br /&gt;For running the training, regular budget from the government covered the expenditures&lt;br /&gt;of this training about Rp 148.672.000,-&lt;br /&gt;3. Types and duration&lt;br /&gt;In service training for full-time managers of PKBM, tutors and Pamong Belajar SKB,&lt;br /&gt;Penilik who are distinguished to be capable of serving as facilitators in PKBM. This&lt;br /&gt;intended to up-grade their performance in implementing PKBM based NFE in Team for the&lt;br /&gt;Village and Sub-District level. The training is held for about 20 days.&lt;br /&gt;4. Organizing&lt;br /&gt;BPKB Jayagiri invited representative of each district / municipality of PKBM’s&lt;br /&gt;Manager, PB SKB and Penilik PLS to participate the training which located on selected&lt;br /&gt;specific venue.&lt;br /&gt;5. Contents&lt;br /&gt;Reference to the mentioned objective above, the prepared contents for the training are as&lt;br /&gt;follows:&lt;br /&gt;·  Life Skills&lt;br /&gt;·  PKBM&lt;br /&gt;·  PKBM - Based NFE&lt;br /&gt;·  Main tasks of PB, Penilik, Managers and Tutor in capacity building team at sub&lt;br /&gt;district level&lt;br /&gt;·  Identification technique&lt;br /&gt;Page 3&lt;br /&gt;Asia-Pacific Literacy Data Base http://www.accu.or.jp/litdbase&lt;br /&gt;·  Analyzing technique&lt;br /&gt;6. Training methodology and approach&lt;br /&gt;In order to accommodate the contents in the learning process, the training methodology&lt;br /&gt;be used were an andragogy participatory learning approach through both learning model of&lt;br /&gt;structural experience circle and ATMAP (Analysis, Applied, Problem, Alternative and Role).&lt;br /&gt;The andragogy participatory learning approach means adult learning activities assistance&lt;br /&gt;based on participation and analytically.&lt;br /&gt;Beneath are the steps to conduct learning model of structural experience circle:&lt;br /&gt;·  Experience and Internalization against any problem and program quality&lt;br /&gt;improvement needs and facilitator ability related with participant perceive.&lt;br /&gt;·  Expressing problem and program quality improvement needs according with&lt;br /&gt;participant perceive.&lt;br /&gt;·  Analyzing problem and program quality improvement needs administered by&lt;br /&gt;participant and facilitator / person in charge.&lt;br /&gt;·  Solving problem and improvement needs fulfilment&lt;br /&gt;·  Quality improvement application towards program implementation.&lt;br /&gt;That learning model circle of structural experience can be representing the figure&lt;br /&gt;below:&lt;br /&gt;While the ATMAP represent the participant analytical role. This learning method&lt;br /&gt;tends to become analytical ability improvement according participant consciousness towards&lt;br /&gt;their role in order to support PKBM in the community. The ATMAP method implements&lt;br /&gt;along with circle of structural experience consist of:&lt;br /&gt;·  Program and Task Direction. Program direction is related with objective,&lt;br /&gt;activities, implementation and program evaluation belong to PKBM. While Task&lt;br /&gt;direction connected with main task, activities in details and its process. Those&lt;br /&gt;Experience/&lt;br /&gt;Internalization&lt;br /&gt;Expressing&lt;br /&gt;Application&lt;br /&gt;Conclusion Analyzing&lt;br /&gt;Page 4&lt;br /&gt;Asia-Pacific Literacy Data Base http://www.accu.or.jp/litdbase&lt;br /&gt;learning method suitable are Direction Study, Cases Study, Brainstorming,&lt;br /&gt;Explanation, question and answer and others.&lt;br /&gt;·  Program and Task Implementation has mean know-how to conduct some programs&lt;br /&gt;along with stated direction, both realized or expect only. Therefore&lt;br /&gt;implementation is connected with situation and local condition, venue and other&lt;br /&gt;supporting matter. Those learning methods suitable are Brainstorming,&lt;br /&gt;Explanation, Cases Study, Working Group and others.&lt;br /&gt;·  Program and Task Implementation Problem represent any current circumstances or&lt;br /&gt;expected ones both internal and external. Cases study, Group Discussion,&lt;br /&gt;Comparative Study, Field Study, Working group are the method sufficiently.&lt;br /&gt;·  Program and Task Problem Solving Alternatives consist of some kinds idea how to&lt;br /&gt;improve facilitator aptitude internally both nowadays or forthcoming day. The&lt;br /&gt;learning methods are suggested: case study, discussion, comparative study,&lt;br /&gt;working group and some kinds.&lt;br /&gt;·  Facilitator role means role and capability requirement related program&lt;br /&gt;implementation and problem solved nowadays or forthcoming. This learning&lt;br /&gt;method focus on learning, practice and working through discussion, working&lt;br /&gt;group and individual, simulation, role playing, and others are suitable.&lt;br /&gt;7. Trainers&lt;br /&gt;For running the training, BPKB Jayagiri involved Directorate of technical Personnel,&lt;br /&gt;Pamong Belajar BPKB Jayagiri and University who has capability and experiences in NFE&lt;br /&gt;8. Participation selection&lt;br /&gt;Local government has selected participant on the bases of criteria provided by BPKB&lt;br /&gt;Jayagiri. The criteria’s were as follows&lt;br /&gt;·  Manager’s of PKBM, manager’s of programs, tutors&lt;br /&gt;·  Penilik, PB who provides technical assistant to the PKBM in charge&lt;br /&gt;·  Active in PKBM&lt;br /&gt;·  No trained before&lt;br /&gt;9. Usefulness and impact of training&lt;br /&gt;a. Usefulness&lt;br /&gt;·  Trainee has capability professionally in conductive NFE programs&lt;br /&gt;·  Trainee has capability on NFE’s learning management&lt;br /&gt;·  Trainee has capability on mechanism of NFE implementation technique&lt;br /&gt;b. Impact&lt;br /&gt;The programs and activities of NFE are well organized&lt;br /&gt;c. Performance of manager&lt;br /&gt;Program manager, penilik, PB, improved.&lt;br /&gt;Page 5&lt;br /&gt;Asia-Pacific Literacy Data Base http://www.accu.or.jp/litdbase&lt;br /&gt;II. Issues&lt;br /&gt;Regarding to the strengthening of facilitators competency, the aspects below should be&lt;br /&gt;strengthened.&lt;br /&gt;A. Mastery of Contents&lt;br /&gt;·  PKBM covers: philosophy, PLS roles in NFE implementation, strengthening&lt;br /&gt;needs&lt;br /&gt;·  Characteristic of CBT relating with field’s needs&lt;br /&gt;·  Characteristic of NFE implementation system in Village and sub district level.&lt;br /&gt;·  Comprehension on characteristic of task/duty, condition and problems took&lt;br /&gt;place in the field.&lt;br /&gt;B. Technical Skills&lt;br /&gt;·  Development of standard training curriculum that suitable for respective&lt;br /&gt;characteristic in region&lt;br /&gt;·  Development of facilitation methodology which oriented on internalization of&lt;br /&gt;Capacity Building Team (CBT) values&lt;br /&gt;·  Going the basis of the mentioned competencies above, the facilitators shouldn’t&lt;br /&gt;only play their roles in teaching learning process organizing but also be able to&lt;br /&gt;facilitate participant in respective to applications the training result.&lt;br /&gt;III. Future Plans&lt;br /&gt;In drawing-up work plan BPKB as Central UPT (Technical Executor Unit) Directorate&lt;br /&gt;General of NFE and youth considered the national policy and regional needs. Beneath, the&lt;br /&gt;strategic work plan could be carried out to support some action program de velopment and&lt;br /&gt;training for NFE Program Officers:&lt;br /&gt;Page 6&lt;br /&gt;Asia-Pacific Literacy Data Base http://www.accu.or.jp/litdbase&lt;br /&gt;No. Activities Objectives Target Group&lt;br /&gt;1&lt;br /&gt;Formulation on&lt;br /&gt;action plan of&lt;br /&gt;PKBM based&lt;br /&gt;NFE&lt;br /&gt;To determinate/decide – need and target&lt;br /&gt;development and training for NFE educations&lt;br /&gt;NFE’s decision&lt;br /&gt;makers in BPKB&lt;br /&gt;areas&lt;br /&gt;2 Workshop on&lt;br /&gt;curriculum&lt;br /&gt;development of&lt;br /&gt;CBT in villages&lt;br /&gt;sub district level&lt;br /&gt;To development curriculum and learning&lt;br /&gt;methodology for CBT which oriented on:&lt;br /&gt;a. PKBM roles as NFE execute&lt;br /&gt;b. NFE system for government in village and sub&lt;br /&gt;district level&lt;br /&gt;c. Team builder competency in village and sub&lt;br /&gt;district&lt;br /&gt;·  manager of&lt;br /&gt;PKBM&lt;br /&gt;·  local officials in&lt;br /&gt;village and sub&lt;br /&gt;district level&lt;br /&gt;·  Pamong Belajar&lt;br /&gt;3 Socialization on&lt;br /&gt;action plan and&lt;br /&gt;training&lt;br /&gt;curriculum&lt;br /&gt;a. to acquire policy endorsement for implement&lt;br /&gt;program&lt;br /&gt;b. to get input for development and training&lt;br /&gt;activities&lt;br /&gt;c. to bear action plan respective in BPKB zone&lt;br /&gt;NFE’s decision&lt;br /&gt;makers in province&lt;br /&gt;district&lt;br /&gt;/municipality&lt;br /&gt;4. Training of&lt;br /&gt;master trainers&lt;br /&gt;To recruit facilitator training of trainers (TOT) Technical staff in&lt;br /&gt;province level&lt;br /&gt;5. Technical&lt;br /&gt;assistance for&lt;br /&gt;implementation&lt;br /&gt;of program&lt;br /&gt;To facilitate to stake holders on:&lt;br /&gt;·  technical of activities action&lt;br /&gt;·  development of competency&lt;br /&gt;improvement needs for NFE’s educator&lt;br /&gt;·  TOT conducting&lt;br /&gt;NFE stake holders in&lt;br /&gt;district and province&lt;br /&gt;level&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-4805544620409933583?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/10/training-program-for-nfe-facilitator.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-5995243096135808252</guid><pubDate>Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:36:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-10-18T12:52:10.650+07:00</atom:updated><title>INDONESIA</title><description>&lt;div id="bodyContent"&gt;    &lt;h3 id="siteSub"&gt;From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia&lt;/h3&gt;              &lt;div id="jump-to-nav"&gt;Jump to: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#column-one"&gt;navigation&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#searchInput"&gt;search&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;!-- start content --&gt;    &lt;table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width: 387px; margin-top: 0.75em; height: 1103px;"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr class="adr"&gt; &lt;th colspan="3" class="mergedtoprow fn org country-name" style="padding: 0.25em 0.33em 0.33em; line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 1.25em;" align="center"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Republik Indonesia&lt;/i&gt; &lt;div style="padding-top: 0.25em;"&gt;Republic of Indonesia&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedtoprow"&gt; &lt;td class="maptable" colspan="3" style="padding: 0.5em 0pt;" align="center"&gt; &lt;table style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" align="center"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="width: 58%; vertical-align: middle;" align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Indonesia"&gt;&lt;img alt="Flag of Indonesia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="125" height="83" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="width: auto; vertical-align: middle;" align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Garuda_Pancasila,_Coat_Arms_of_Indonesia.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of Indonesia"&gt;&lt;img alt="Coat of arms of Indonesia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Garuda_Pancasila%2C_Coat_Arms_of_Indonesia.svg/85px-Garuda_Pancasila%2C_Coat_Arms_of_Indonesia.svg.png" border="0" width="85" height="92" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia" title="Flag of Indonesia"&gt;Flag&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="center"&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Indonesia" title="Coat of arms of Indonesia"&gt;Coat of arms&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="3" style="line-height: 1.2em; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto" title="Motto"&gt;Motto&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika" title="Bhinneka Tunggal Ika"&gt;Bhinneka Tunggal Ika&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Javanese_language" title="Old Javanese language" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Old Javanese&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;Unity in Diversity&lt;small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;National ideology: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancasila_%28politics%29" title="Pancasila (politics)"&gt;Pancasila&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-0" title=""&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="3" style="line-height: 1.2em; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem"&gt;Anthem&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_Raya" title="Indonesia Raya"&gt;Indonesia Raya&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="3" style="padding: 0.6em 0em; text-align: center;"&gt; &lt;div class="center"&gt; &lt;div class="floatnone"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationIndonesia.svg" class="image" title="Location of Indonesia"&gt;&lt;img alt="Location of Indonesia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/LocationIndonesia.svg/250px-LocationIndonesia.svg.png" border="0" width="250" height="125" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedtoprow"&gt; &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_%28political%29" title="Capital (political)"&gt;Capital&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia"&gt;(and largest city)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta"&gt;Jakarta&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;span class="plainlinksneverexpand"&gt;&lt;img class="noprint" style="padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; cursor: pointer;" title="show location on an interactive map" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Erioll_world.svg/18px-Erioll_world.svg.png" /&gt;&lt;a href="http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Indonesia&amp;amp;params=6_10.5_S_106_49.7_E_type:country%281,919,440" class="external text" title="http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Indonesia&amp;amp;params=6_10.5_S_106_49.7_E_type:country(1,919,440" rel="nofollow"&gt;(land)) &lt;span class="geo-default"&gt;&lt;span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for 6°10.5′S 106°49.7′E"&gt;&lt;span class="latitude"&gt;6°10.5′S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="longitude"&gt;106°49.7′E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="geo-multi-punct"&gt;﻿ / ﻿&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="geo-nondefault"&gt;&lt;span class="geo-dec geo" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for -6.175 106.8283"&gt;&lt;span class="latitude"&gt;-6.175&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class="longitude"&gt;106.8283&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language"&gt;Official languages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language"&gt;Indonesian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym"&gt;Demonym&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia"&gt;Indonesian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government"&gt;Government&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system"&gt;Presidential republic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedrow"&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.6em; width: 1em;"&gt; - &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding-left: 0em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of Presidents of Indonesia"&gt;President&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono"&gt;Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedbottomrow"&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.6em; width: 1em;"&gt; - &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding-left: 0em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of Vice Presidents of Indonesia"&gt;Vice President&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jusuf_Kalla" title="Jusuf Kalla"&gt;Jusuf Kalla&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedtoprow"&gt; &lt;th colspan="3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence" title="Independence"&gt;Independence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedbottomrow"&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.6em; width: 1em;"&gt; - &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding-left: 0em;"&gt;Declared&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;17 August 1945&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(formerly &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies"&gt;Dutch East Indies&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedtoprow"&gt; &lt;th colspan="3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area" title="Area"&gt;Area&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedrow"&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.6em; width: 1em;"&gt; - &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding-left: 0em;"&gt;Total&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_E%2B10_m%C2%B2" title="1 E+10 m²"&gt;1,919,440 (land) km²&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_area" title="List of countries and outlying territories by area" class="mw-redirect"&gt;16th&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;735,355 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile"&gt;sq mi&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedrow"&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.6em; width: 1em;"&gt; - &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding-left: 0em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water"&gt;Water&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percent" title="Percent" class="mw-redirect"&gt;%&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;4.85&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedtoprow"&gt; &lt;th colspan="3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population" title="Population"&gt;Population&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedrow"&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.6em; width: 1em;"&gt; - &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding-left: 0em;"&gt;July 2007 est. estimate&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;234,693,997 (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" title="List of countries by population"&gt;4th&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedrow"&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.6em; width: 1em;"&gt; - &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding-left: 0em;"&gt;2000 census&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;206,264,595 &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedbottomrow"&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.6em; width: 1em;"&gt; - &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding-left: 0em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density"&gt;Density&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;134/km² (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" title="List of countries by population density" class="mw-redirect"&gt;84th&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;347/sq mi&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedtoprow"&gt; &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product"&gt;GDP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity"&gt;PPP&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2007 estimate&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedrow"&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.6em; width: 1em;"&gt; - &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding-left: 0em;"&gt;Total&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;$838.479 billion&lt;sup id="cite_ref-imf2_1-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-imf2-1" title=""&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)"&gt;16th&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedbottomrow"&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.6em; width: 1em;"&gt; - &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding-left: 0em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita"&gt;Per capita&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;$3,728&lt;sup id="cite_ref-imf2_1-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-imf2-1" title=""&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita"&gt;120th&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedtoprow"&gt; &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product"&gt;GDP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (nominal)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;2007 estimate&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedrow"&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.6em; width: 1em;"&gt; - &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding-left: 0em;"&gt;Total&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;$432.944 billion&lt;sup id="cite_ref-imf2_1-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-imf2-1" title=""&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)"&gt;20th&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr class="mergedbottomrow"&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.6em; width: 1em;"&gt; - &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding-left: 0em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita"&gt;Per capita&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;$1,925&lt;sup id="cite_ref-imf2_1-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-imf2-1" title=""&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita"&gt;115th&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient"&gt;Gini&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (2002)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;34.3 &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index"&gt;HDI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (2007)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 204, 0); font-size: larger;"&gt;▲&lt;/span&gt; 0.728 (&lt;span style="color:#ffcc00;"&gt;medium&lt;/span&gt;) (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index"&gt;107th&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency" title="Currency"&gt;Currency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah"&gt;Rupiah&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;code&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217"&gt;IDR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/code&gt;)&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone"&gt;Time zone&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;various &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time"&gt;UTC&lt;/a&gt;+7 to +9)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain"&gt;Internet TLD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.id" title=".id"&gt;.id&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th colspan="2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" title="List of country calling codes"&gt;Calling code&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2B62" title="+62" class="mw-redirect"&gt;+62&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The &lt;b&gt;Republic of Indonesia&lt;/b&gt; (pronounced &lt;span title="Pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"&gt;/ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/, /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;) (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language"&gt;Indonesian&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;span lang="id" lang="id"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Republik Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), is a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country" title="Country"&gt;country&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia"&gt;Southeast Asia&lt;/a&gt;. Comprising &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_of_Indonesia" title="Islands of Indonesia"&gt;17,508 islands&lt;/a&gt;, it is the world's largest &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago"&gt;archipelagic&lt;/a&gt; state. With a population of 222 million people in 2006, it is the world's fourth &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" title="List of countries by population"&gt;most populous&lt;/a&gt; country and the most populous &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim"&gt;Muslim&lt;/a&gt;-majority nation; however, no reference is made to Islam in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia"&gt;Indonesian constitution&lt;/a&gt;. Indonesia is a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic" title="Republic"&gt;republic&lt;/a&gt;, with an elected legislature and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia"&gt;president&lt;/a&gt;. The nation's capital city is &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta"&gt;Jakarta&lt;/a&gt;. The country shares land borders with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea"&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor"&gt;East Timor&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"&gt;Malaysia&lt;/a&gt;. Other neighboring countries include &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"&gt;Singapore&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"&gt;the Philippines&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"&gt;Australia&lt;/a&gt;, and the Indian territory of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands"&gt;Andaman and Nicobar Islands&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the seventh century, when the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya"&gt;Srivijaya Kingdom&lt;/a&gt; traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually adopted Indian cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia"&gt;Hindu&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism"&gt;Buddhist&lt;/a&gt; kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam"&gt;Islam&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"&gt;European&lt;/a&gt; powers fought one another to monopolize trade in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Islands" title="Spice Islands"&gt;Spice Islands&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands"&gt;Maluku&lt;/a&gt; during the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery"&gt;Age of Discovery&lt;/a&gt;. Following three and a half centuries of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies"&gt;Dutch colonialism&lt;/a&gt;, Indonesia secured &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Indonesian Declaration of Independence"&gt;its independence&lt;/a&gt; after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_%28Indonesia%29" title="Reformation (Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;a democratization process&lt;/a&gt;, and periods of rapid economic change.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Across its many islands, Indonesia consists of distinct ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people"&gt;Javanese&lt;/a&gt; are the largest and most politically dominant ethnic group. As a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state"&gt;unitary state&lt;/a&gt; and a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation" title="Nation"&gt;nation&lt;/a&gt;, Indonesia has developed a shared identity defined by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language"&gt;a national language&lt;/a&gt;, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesia's national motto, &lt;i&gt;"&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika" title="Bhinneka Tunggal Ika"&gt;Bhinneka tunggal ika&lt;/a&gt;"&lt;/i&gt; ("Unity in Diversity" &lt;i&gt;literally,&lt;/i&gt; "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. However, sectarian tensions and separatism have led to violent confrontations that have undermined political and economic stability. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity"&gt;biodiversity&lt;/a&gt;. The country is richly endowed with natural resources, yet poverty is a defining feature of contemporary Indonesia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" id="toctitle"&gt; &lt;h2&gt;Contents&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;span class="toctoggle"&gt;[&lt;a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink"&gt;hide&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#Etymology"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Etymology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#History"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#Government_and_politics"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Government and politics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#Foreign_relations_and_military"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Foreign relations and military&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#Administrative_divisions"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Administrative divisions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#Geography"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Geography&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#Ecology"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Ecology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#Economy"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Economy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#Demographics"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;9&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Demographics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#Culture"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Culture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#See_also"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;11&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#References"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#General"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;12.1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;General&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#Notes"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;12.2&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;Notes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="toclevel-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#External_links"&gt;&lt;span class="tocnumber"&gt;13&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="toctext"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt; //&lt;![CDATA[  if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); }  //]]&gt; &lt;/script&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name="Etymology" id="Etymology"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Etymology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The name &lt;i&gt;Indonesia&lt;/i&gt; derives from the Latin &lt;i&gt;Indus&lt;/i&gt;, meaning "India", and the Greek &lt;i&gt;nesos&lt;/i&gt;, meaning "island".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-EcoSeas1_2-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-EcoSeas1-2" title=""&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-indoety_3-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-indoety-3" title=""&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1850, George Earl, an English &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology"&gt;ethnologist&lt;/a&gt;, proposed the terms &lt;i&gt;Indunesians&lt;/i&gt; — and, his preference, &lt;i&gt;Malayunesians&lt;/i&gt; — for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago".&lt;sup id="cite_ref-JIAEA_1_4-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-JIAEA_1-4" title=""&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In the same publication, a student of Earl's, James Richardson Logan, used &lt;i&gt;Indonesia&lt;/i&gt; as a synonym for &lt;i&gt;Indian Archipelago&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-JIAEA_3_5-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-JIAEA_3-5" title=""&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; However, Dutch academics writing in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies"&gt;East Indies&lt;/a&gt; publications were reluctant to use &lt;i&gt;Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;. Instead, they used the terms &lt;i&gt;Malay Archipelago&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Maleische Archipel&lt;/i&gt;); the &lt;i&gt;Netherlands East Indies&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Nederlandsch Oost Indië&lt;/i&gt;), popularly &lt;i&gt;Indië&lt;/i&gt;; &lt;i&gt;the East&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;de Oost&lt;/i&gt;); and even &lt;i&gt;Insulinde&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-6" title=""&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;From 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-7" title=""&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Bastian" title="Adolf Bastian"&gt;Adolf Bastian&lt;/a&gt;, of the University of Berlin, popularized the name through his book &lt;i&gt;Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894&lt;/i&gt;. The first Indonesian scholar to use the name was &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki_Hajar_Dewantara" title="Ki Hajar Dewantara"&gt;Suwardi Suryaningrat&lt;/a&gt; (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a press bureau in the Netherlands with the name &lt;i&gt;Indonesisch Pers-bureau&lt;/i&gt; in 1913.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-indoety_3-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-indoety-3" title=""&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="History" id="History"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=2" title="Edit section: History"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;History&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia"&gt;History of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Borobudur_ship.JPG" class="image" title="As early as the first century CE Indonesian vessels made trade voyages as far as Africa. Picture: a ship carved on Borobudur, circa 800 CE."&gt;&lt;img alt="As early as the first century CE Indonesian vessels made trade voyages as far as Africa. Picture: a ship carved on Borobudur, circa 800 CE." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/180px-Borobudur_ship.JPG" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="124" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Borobudur_ship.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; As early as the first century CE Indonesian vessels made trade voyages as far as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"&gt;Africa&lt;/a&gt;. Picture: a ship carved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur"&gt;Borobudur&lt;/a&gt;, circa 800 CE.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Fossilized remains of &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus"&gt;Homo erectus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, popularly known as the "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man"&gt;Java Man&lt;/a&gt;", suggest that the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-8" title=""&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_people" title="Austronesian people" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Austronesian people&lt;/a&gt;, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to South East Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE, and confined the native &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia"&gt;Melanesian peoples&lt;/a&gt; to the far eastern regions as they expanded.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-9" title=""&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Ideal agricultural conditions, and the mastering of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field"&gt;wet-field rice cultivation&lt;/a&gt; as early as the eighth century BCE,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-10" title=""&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by the first century CE. Indonesia's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade. For example, trade links with both Indian kingdoms and China were established several centuries BCE.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-11" title=""&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-12" title=""&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 142px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Koeh-097.jpg" class="image" title="The nutmeg plant is native to Indonesia's Banda Islands. Once one of the world's most valuable commodities, it drew the first European colonial powers to Indonesia."&gt;&lt;img alt="The nutmeg plant is native to Indonesia's Banda Islands. Once one of the world's most valuable commodities, it drew the first European colonial powers to Indonesia." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Koeh-097.jpg/140px-Koeh-097.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="140" height="186" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Koeh-097.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg"&gt;nutmeg&lt;/a&gt; plant is native to Indonesia's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Islands" title="Banda Islands"&gt;Banda Islands&lt;/a&gt;. Once one of the world's most valuable commodities, it drew the first European colonial powers to Indonesia.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;From the seventh century CE, the powerful &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya"&gt;Srivijaya&lt;/a&gt; naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism that were imported with it.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-13" title=""&gt;[14]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Between the eighth and 10th centuries CE, the agricultural Buddhist &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailendra" title="Sailendra"&gt;Sailendra&lt;/a&gt; and Hindu &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" title="Mataram Kingdom"&gt;Mataram&lt;/a&gt; dynasties thrived and declined in inland &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java"&gt;Java&lt;/a&gt;, leaving grand religious monuments such as Sailendra's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur"&gt;Borobudur&lt;/a&gt; and Mataram's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan"&gt;Prambanan&lt;/a&gt;. The Hindu &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit"&gt;Majapahit&lt;/a&gt; kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajah_Mada" title="Gajah Mada"&gt;Gajah Mada&lt;/a&gt;, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia; this period is often referred to as a "Golden Age" in Indonesian history.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-14" title=""&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Although Muslim traders first traveled through South East Asia early in the Islamic era, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia_%281200_to_1600%29" title="The spread of Islam in Indonesia (1200 to 1600)"&gt;earliest evidence of Islamized populations&lt;/a&gt; in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra"&gt;Sumatra&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-15" title=""&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java"&gt;Java&lt;/a&gt; and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-16" title=""&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The first Europeans arrived in Indonesia in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão"&gt;Francisco Serrão&lt;/a&gt;, sought to monopolize the sources of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg"&gt;nutmeg&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove" title="Clove"&gt;cloves&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubeb" title="Cubeb"&gt;cubeb pepper&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands"&gt;Maluku&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp24_17-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-RICKLEFSp24-17" title=""&gt;[18]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602 the Dutch established the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company"&gt;Dutch East India Company&lt;/a&gt; (VOC) and became the dominant European power. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies"&gt;Dutch East Indies&lt;/a&gt; as a nationalized colony.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp24_17-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-RICKLEFSp24-17" title=""&gt;[18]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;For most of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indonesia#Colonial_era" title="History of Indonesia"&gt;colonial period&lt;/a&gt;, Dutch control over these territories was tenuous; only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-DUTCH_BOUNDARIES_18-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-DUTCH_BOUNDARIES-18" title=""&gt;[19]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies_campaign" title="Netherlands East Indies campaign" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Japanese invasion&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Indonesia" title="Japanese occupation of Indonesia"&gt;subsequent occupation&lt;/a&gt; during &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II"&gt;World War II&lt;/a&gt; ended Dutch rule,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-19" title=""&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement. Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno"&gt;Sukarno&lt;/a&gt;, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointed president.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-20" title=""&gt;[21]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The Netherlands tried to reestablish their rule, and an &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution"&gt;armed and diplomatic struggle&lt;/a&gt; ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure, the Dutch formally recognized Indonesian independence&lt;sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-21" title=""&gt;[22]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (with the exception of The Dutch territory of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_New_Guinea" title="West New Guinea" class="mw-redirect"&gt;West New Guinea&lt;/a&gt;, which was incorporated following the 1962 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Agreement" title="New York Agreement"&gt;New York Agreement&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"&gt;UN&lt;/a&gt;-mandated &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Free_Choice" title="Act of Free Choice"&gt;Act of Free Choice&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 142px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Soekarno.jpg" class="image" title="Sukarno, Indonesia's founding president"&gt;&lt;img alt="Sukarno, Indonesia's founding president" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Soekarno.jpg/140px-Soekarno.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="140" height="207" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Soekarno.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno"&gt;Sukarno&lt;/a&gt;, Indonesia's founding president&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Sukarno moved from democracy towards authoritarianism, and maintained his power base by balancing the opposing forces of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Indonesia" title="Military of Indonesia"&gt;the Military&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia"&gt;Communist Party of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt; (PKI).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-22" title=""&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order"&gt;An attempted coup&lt;/a&gt; on 30 September 1965 was countered by the army, who led &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian killings of 1965–66"&gt;a violent anti-communist purge&lt;/a&gt;, during which the PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-23" title=""&gt;[24]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Between 500,000 and one million people were killed.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-24" title=""&gt;[25]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The head of the military, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto"&gt;General Suharto&lt;/a&gt;, out-maneuvered the politically weakened Sukarno, and was formally appointed president in March 1968. His &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_%28Indonesia%29" title="New Order (Indonesia)"&gt;New Order administration&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-25" title=""&gt;[26]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; was supported by the US government,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-26" title=""&gt;[27]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and encouraged &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment"&gt;foreign direct investment&lt;/a&gt; in Indonesia, which was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-27" title=""&gt;[28]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; However, the authoritarian "New Order" was widely accused of corruption and suppression of political opposition.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In 1997 and 1998, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_Financial_Crisis" title="1997 Asian Financial Crisis"&gt;Asian Financial Crisis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-28" title=""&gt;[29]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This increased popular discontent with the New Order&lt;sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-29" title=""&gt;[30]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and led to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Revolution_of_1998" title="Indonesian Revolution of 1998" class="mw-redirect"&gt;popular protests&lt;/a&gt;. Suharto resigned on 21 May 1998.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-30" title=""&gt;[31]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1999, East Timor voted to secede from Indonesia, after a twenty-five-year military occupation that was marked by international condemnation of often brutal repression of the East Timorese.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-31" title=""&gt;[32]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_%28Indonesia%29" title="Reformation (Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Reformasi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt; era following Suharto's resignation, has led to a strengthening of democratic processes, including a regional autonomy program, and the first &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_presidential_election,_2004" title="Indonesian presidential election, 2004"&gt;direct presidential election in 2004&lt;/a&gt;. Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption, and terrorism have slowed progress. Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain problems in some areas.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-32" title=""&gt;[33]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh"&gt;Aceh&lt;/a&gt; was achieved in 2005.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-33" title=""&gt;[34]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Government_and_politics" id="Government_and_politics"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Government and politics"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Government and politics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia"&gt;Politics of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Indonesia is a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic" title="Republic"&gt;republic&lt;/a&gt; with a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system"&gt;presidential system&lt;/a&gt;. As a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state"&gt;unitary state&lt;/a&gt;, power is concentrated in the national government. Following the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Revolution_of_1998" title="Indonesian Revolution of 1998" class="mw-redirect"&gt;resignation of President Suharto&lt;/a&gt; in 1998, Indonesian political and governmental structures have undergone major reforms. Four amendments to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia"&gt;1945 Constitution of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-34" title=""&gt;[35]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; have revamped the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_%28government%29" title="Executive (government)"&gt;executive&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary"&gt;judicial&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature"&gt;legislative&lt;/a&gt; branches.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Harijanti2006_35-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-Harijanti2006-35" title=""&gt;[36]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The president of Indonesia is the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state"&gt;head of state&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief"&gt;commander-in-chief&lt;/a&gt; of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Indonesia" title="Military of Indonesia"&gt;Indonesian Armed Forces&lt;/a&gt;, and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who are not required to be elected members of the legislature. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_presidential_election,_2004" title="Indonesian presidential election, 2004"&gt;2004 presidential election&lt;/a&gt; was the first in which the people directly elected the president and vice president.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-36" title=""&gt;[37]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The president may serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-37" title=""&gt;[38]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Indonesia_DPR_session.jpg" class="image" title="A session of the People's Representative Council in Jakarta"&gt;&lt;img alt="A session of the People's Representative Council in Jakarta" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Indonesia_DPR_session.jpg/180px-Indonesia_DPR_session.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="143" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Indonesia_DPR_session.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; A session of the People's Representative Council in Jakarta&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The highest representative body at national level is the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly"&gt;People's Consultative Assembly&lt;/a&gt; (MPR). Its main functions are supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating the president, and formalizing broad outlines of state policy. It has the power to impeach the president.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-38" title=""&gt;[39]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The MPR comprises two houses; the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" title="People's Representative Council"&gt;People's Representative Council&lt;/a&gt; (DPR), with 550 members, and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Representatives_Council" title="Regional Representatives Council"&gt;Regional Representatives Council&lt;/a&gt; (DPD), with 128 members. The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch; party-aligned members are elected for five-year terms by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation"&gt;proportional representation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Harijanti2006_35-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-Harijanti2006-35" title=""&gt;[36]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased the DPR's role in national governance.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-39" title=""&gt;[40]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-40" title=""&gt;[41]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Most civil disputes appear before a State Court; appeals are heard before the High Court. The Supreme Court is the country's highest court, and hears final cassation appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courts include the Commercial Court, which handles bankruptcy and insolvency; a State Administrative Court to hear administrative law cases against the government; a Constitutional Court to hear disputes concerning legality of law, general elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope of authority of state institutions; and a Religious Court to deal with specific religious cases.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-USCONGRESS_41-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-USCONGRESS-41" title=""&gt;[42]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Foreign_relations_and_military" id="Foreign_relations_and_military"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Foreign relations and military"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Foreign relations and military&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main articles: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia"&gt;Foreign relations of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Indonesia" title="Military of Indonesia"&gt;Military of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In contrast to Sukarno's anti-imperialistic antipathy to western powers and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia-Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation" class="mw-redirect"&gt;tensions with Malaysia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia"&gt;Indonesia's foreign relations&lt;/a&gt; since the Suharto "New Order" have been based on economic and political cooperation with Western nations.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-42" title=""&gt;[43]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Indonesia maintains close relationships with its neighbors in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"&gt;Asia&lt;/a&gt;, and is a founding member of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations"&gt;ASEAN&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit"&gt;East Asia Summit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-USSTATE_43-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-USSTATE-43" title=""&gt;[44]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The nation restored relations with the People's Republic of China in 1990 following a freeze in place since anti-communist purges early in the Suharto era.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-USCONGRESS_41-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-USCONGRESS-41" title=""&gt;[42]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Indonesia has been a member of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"&gt;United Nations&lt;/a&gt; since 1950,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-44" title=""&gt;[45]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and was a founder of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement"&gt;Non-Aligned Movement&lt;/a&gt; (NAM) and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Islamic_Conference" title="Organisation of the Islamic Conference"&gt;Organisation of the Islamic Conference&lt;/a&gt; (OIC).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-USSTATE_43-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-USSTATE-43" title=""&gt;[44]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Indonesia is signatory to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area"&gt;ASEAN Free Trade Area&lt;/a&gt; agreement, the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairns_Group" title="Cairns Group"&gt;Cairns Group&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization"&gt;WTO&lt;/a&gt;, and has historically been a member of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC"&gt;OPEC&lt;/a&gt;, although it is withdrawing as of 2008 as it is no longer a net exporter of oil. Indonesia has received &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid"&gt;humanitarian&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid"&gt;development aid&lt;/a&gt; since 1966, in particular from the United States, western Europe, Australia, and Japan.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-USSTATE_43-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-USSTATE-43" title=""&gt;[44]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:021018_bali_bombing.jpg" class="image" title="National flags at the site of the 2002 terrorist bombing in Kuta, Bali"&gt;&lt;img alt="National flags at the site of the 2002 terrorist bombing in Kuta, Bali" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/021018_bali_bombing.jpg/180px-021018_bali_bombing.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="78" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:021018_bali_bombing.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; National flags at the site of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings"&gt;2002 terrorist bombing in Kuta, Bali&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The Indonesian Government has worked with other countries to apprehend and prosecute perpetrators of major bombings linked to militant &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism"&gt;Islamism&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda"&gt;Al-Qaeda&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-45" title=""&gt;[46]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings"&gt;The deadliest&lt;/a&gt; killed 202 people (including 164 international tourists) in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali"&gt;Bali&lt;/a&gt; resort town of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuta" title="Kuta"&gt;Kuta&lt;/a&gt; in 2002.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-46" title=""&gt;[47]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by other countries, severely damaged Indonesia's &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia"&gt;tourism industry&lt;/a&gt; and foreign investment prospects.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-47" title=""&gt;[48]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Indonesia's 300,000-member armed forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL, which includes marines), and Air Force (TNI-AU).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-48" title=""&gt;[49]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The army has about 233,000 active-duty personnel. Defense spending in the national budget was 4% of GDP in 2006, and is controversially supplemented by revenue from military commercial interests and foundations.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-49" title=""&gt;[50]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In the post-Suharto period since 1998, formal TNI representation in parliament has been removed; though curtailed; its political influence remains extensive.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-50" title=""&gt;[51]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Separatist movements in the provinces of Aceh and Papua have led to armed conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-51" title=""&gt;[52]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Following a sporadic thirty year guerrilla war between the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement"&gt;Free Aceh Movement (GAM)&lt;/a&gt; and the Indonesian military, a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2005.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-52" title=""&gt;[53]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In Papua, there has been a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws, and a reported decline in the levels of violence and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_western_New_Guinea" title="Human rights in western New Guinea"&gt;human rights abuses&lt;/a&gt;, since the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-53" title=""&gt;[54]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Administrative_divisions" id="Administrative_divisions"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Administrative divisions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main articles: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia"&gt;Provinces of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Indonesia" title="Administrative divisions of Indonesia"&gt;Administrative divisions of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Indonesia_provinces_english.png" class="image" title="Provinces of Indonesia"&gt;&lt;img alt="Provinces of Indonesia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indonesia_provinces_english.png/180px-Indonesia_provinces_english.png" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="71" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Indonesia_provinces_english.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Provinces of Indonesia&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Administratively, Indonesia consists of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia"&gt;33 provinces&lt;/a&gt;, five of which have special status. Each province has its own political legislature and governor. The provinces are subdivided into regencies (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regencies_of_Indonesia" title="Regencies of Indonesia" class="mw-redirect"&gt;kabupaten&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;) and cities (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_Indonesia" title="Cities of Indonesia" class="mw-redirect"&gt;kota&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;), which are further subdivided into subdistricts (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistricts_of_Indonesia" title="Subdistricts of Indonesia"&gt;kecamatan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;), and again into &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_%28Indonesia%29" title="Village (Indonesia)"&gt;village groupings&lt;/a&gt; (either &lt;i&gt;desa&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;kelurahan&lt;/i&gt;). Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, the regencies and cities have become the key administrative units, responsible for providing most government services. The village administration level is the most influential on a citizen's daily life, and handles matters of a village or neighborhood through an elected &lt;i&gt;lurah&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;kepala desa&lt;/i&gt; (village chief).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The provinces of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh"&gt;Aceh&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta"&gt;Jakarta&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta_%28special_region%29" title="Yogyakarta (special region)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Yogyakarta&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_%28Indonesian_province%29" title="Papua (Indonesian province)"&gt;Papua&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papua_%28Indonesian_province%29" title="West Papua (Indonesian province)"&gt;West Papua&lt;/a&gt; have greater legislative privileges and a higher degree of autonomy from the central government than the other provinces. The Acehnese government, for example, has the right to create an independent legal system; in 2003, it instituted a form of &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"&gt;Sharia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Islamic law).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-54" title=""&gt;[55]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Yogyakarta was granted the status of Special Region in recognition of its pivotal role in supporting Indonesian Republicans during the Indonesian Revolution.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-55" title=""&gt;[56]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_%28Indonesian_province%29" title="Papua (Indonesian province)"&gt;Papua&lt;/a&gt;, formerly known as Irian Jaya, was granted special autonomy status in 2001.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-56" title=""&gt;[57]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Jakarta is the country's special capital region.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;dt&gt;Indonesian provinces and their capitals&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Indonesian name in brackets where different from English)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;† indicates provinces with Special Status&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table class="multicol" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; width: 100%; text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td align="left" valign="top" width=""&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra"&gt;Sumatra&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh"&gt;Aceh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh"&gt;Banda Aceh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra"&gt;North Sumatra&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Sumatera Utara&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan" title="Medan"&gt;Medan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra"&gt;West Sumatra&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Sumatera Barat&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang,_Indonesia" title="Padang, Indonesia"&gt;Padang&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau" title="Riau"&gt;Riau&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekanbaru" title="Pekanbaru"&gt;Pekanbaru&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands"&gt;Riau Islands&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Kepulauan Riau&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Pinang" title="Tanjung Pinang"&gt;Tanjung Pinang&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi"&gt;Jambi&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambi_%28city%29" title="Jambi (city)"&gt;Jambi (city)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra"&gt;South Sumatra&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Sumatera Selatan&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang"&gt;Palembang&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangka-Belitung" title="Bangka-Belitung" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Bangka-Belitung&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Kepulauan Bangka-Belitung&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangkal_Pinang" title="Pangkal Pinang"&gt;Pangkal Pinang&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu"&gt;Bengkulu&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengkulu_%28city%29" title="Bengkulu (city)"&gt;Bengkulu (city)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung"&gt;Lampung&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Lampung" title="Bandar Lampung"&gt;Bandar Lampung&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java"&gt;Java&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta"&gt;Jakarta&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; - Jakarta&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten" title="Banten"&gt;Banten&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serang" title="Serang"&gt;Serang&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java"&gt;West Java&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Jawa Barat&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung"&gt;Bandung&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java"&gt;Central Java&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Jawa Tengah&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang"&gt;Semarang&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta_Special_Region" title="Yogyakarta Special Region" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Yogyakarta Special Region&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta_%28city%29" title="Yogyakarta (city)"&gt;Yogyakarta (city)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java"&gt;East Java&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Jawa Timur&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya"&gt;Surabaya&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands"&gt;Lesser Sunda Islands&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali"&gt;Bali&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar"&gt;Denpasar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara" title="West Nusa Tenggara"&gt;West Nusa Tenggara&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Nusa Tenggara Barat&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram_%28city%29" title="Mataram (city)"&gt;Mataram&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara"&gt;East Nusa Tenggara&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Nusa Tenggara Timur&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupang" title="Kupang"&gt;Kupang&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td align="left" valign="top" width=""&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan"&gt;Kalimantan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan"&gt;West Kalimantan&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Kalimantan Barat&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontianak,_Indonesia" title="Pontianak, Indonesia"&gt;Pontianak&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan"&gt;Central Kalimantan&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Kalimantan Tengah&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palangkaraya" title="Palangkaraya"&gt;Palangkaraya&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan"&gt;South Kalimantan&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Kalimantan Selatan&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin"&gt;Banjarmasin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan"&gt;East Kalimantan&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Kalimantan Timur&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarinda" title="Samarinda"&gt;Samarinda&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi"&gt;Sulawesi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi"&gt;North Sulawesi&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Sulawesi Utara&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manado" title="Manado"&gt;Manado&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorontalo_%28province%29" title="Gorontalo (province)"&gt;Gorontalo&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorontalo_%28city%29" title="Gorontalo (city)"&gt;Gorontalo (city)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi"&gt;Central Sulawesi&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Sulawesi Tengah&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palu" title="Palu"&gt;Palu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sulawesi" title="West Sulawesi"&gt;West Sulawesi&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Sulawesi Barat&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamuju" title="Mamuju" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Mamuju&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi"&gt;South Sulawesi&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Sulawesi Selatan&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar"&gt;Makassar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Sulawesi" title="South East Sulawesi"&gt;South East Sulawesi&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Sulawesi Tenggara&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendari" title="Kendari"&gt;Kendari&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands"&gt;Maluku Islands&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_%28Indonesian_province%29" title="Maluku (Indonesian province)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Maluku&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon,_Maluku" title="Ambon, Maluku"&gt;Ambon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Maluku" title="North Maluku"&gt;North Maluku&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Maluku Utara&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate"&gt;Ternate&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papua" title="West Papua" class="mw-redirect"&gt;West Papua&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papua_%28province%29" title="West Papua (province)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;West Papua&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Papua Barat&lt;/i&gt;) - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manokwari" title="Manokwari"&gt;Manokwari&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_%28Indonesian_province%29" title="Papua (Indonesian province)"&gt;Papua&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayapura" title="Jayapura"&gt;Jayapura&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Geography" id="Geography"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Geography&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia"&gt;Geography of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Indonesia_2002_CIA_map.png" class="image" title="Map of Indonesia"&gt;&lt;img alt="Map of Indonesia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Indonesia_2002_CIA_map.png/180px-Indonesia_2002_CIA_map.png" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="121" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Indonesia_2002_CIA_map.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Map of Indonesia&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Indonesia consists of 17,508 islands, about 6,000 of which are inhabited.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-57" title=""&gt;[58]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; These are scattered over both sides of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator" title="Equator"&gt;equator&lt;/a&gt;. The five largest islands are &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java"&gt;Java&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra"&gt;Sumatra&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan"&gt;Kalimantan&lt;/a&gt; (the Indonesian part of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo"&gt;Borneo&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea"&gt;New Guinea&lt;/a&gt; (shared with Papua New Guinea), and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi"&gt;Sulawesi&lt;/a&gt;. Indonesia shares land borders with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"&gt;Malaysia&lt;/a&gt; on the islands of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo"&gt;Borneo&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebatik" title="Sebatik" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Sebatik&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea"&gt;Papua New Guinea&lt;/a&gt; on the island of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea"&gt;New Guinea&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor"&gt;East Timor&lt;/a&gt; on the island of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor" title="Timor"&gt;Timor&lt;/a&gt;. Indonesia also shares borders with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"&gt;Singapore&lt;/a&gt;, Malaysia, and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"&gt;Philippines&lt;/a&gt; to the north and Australia to the south across narrow straits of water. The capital, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta"&gt;Jakarta&lt;/a&gt;, is on Java and is the nation's largest city, followed by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya"&gt;Surabaya&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung"&gt;Bandung&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan" title="Medan"&gt;Medan&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang"&gt;Semarang&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-58" title=""&gt;[59]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;At 1,919,440 square kilometers (741,050 sq mi), Indonesia is the world's 16th-largest country in terms of land area.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-ciarank_59-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-ciarank-59" title=""&gt;[60]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Its average population density is 134 people per square kilometer (347 per sq mi), 79th in the world,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-60" title=""&gt;[61]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; although Java, the world's most populous island,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-JOSHUA_61-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-JOSHUA-61" title=""&gt;[62]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; has a population density of 940 people per square kilometer (2,435 per sq mi). At 4,884 meters (16,024 ft), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncak_Jaya" title="Puncak Jaya"&gt;Puncak Jaya&lt;/a&gt; in Papua is Indonesia's highest peak, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Toba" title="Lake Toba"&gt;Lake Toba&lt;/a&gt; in Sumatra its largest lake, with an area of 1,145 square kilometers (442 sq mi). The country's largest rivers are in Kalimantan, and include the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakam" title="Mahakam" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Mahakam&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barito" title="Barito" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Barito&lt;/a&gt;; such rivers are communication and transport links between the island's river settlements.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-62" title=""&gt;[63]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mahameru-volcano.jpeg" class="image" title="Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest."&gt;&lt;img alt="Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mahameru-volcano.jpeg/180px-Mahameru-volcano.jpeg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="135" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mahameru-volcano.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Semeru" title="Mount Semeru" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Mount Semeru&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bromo" title="Mount Bromo"&gt;Mount Bromo&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java"&gt;East Java&lt;/a&gt;. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Indonesia's location on the edges of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Pacific&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Eurasian&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_plate" title="Australian plate" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Australian&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_plate" title="Tectonic plate" class="mw-redirect"&gt;tectonic plates&lt;/a&gt; makes it the site of numerous &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia"&gt;volcanoes&lt;/a&gt; and frequent earthquakes. Indonesia has at least &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia"&gt;150 active volcanoes&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-63" title=""&gt;[64]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakatoa" title="Krakatoa"&gt;Krakatoa&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tambora" title="Mount Tambora"&gt;Tambora&lt;/a&gt;, both famous for their devastating eruptions in the 19th century. The eruption of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Toba" title="Lake Toba"&gt;Toba&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano"&gt;supervolcano&lt;/a&gt;, approximately 70,000 years ago, was one of the largest eruptions ever, and a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" title="Toba catastrophe theory"&gt;global catastrophe&lt;/a&gt;. Recent disasters due to seismic activity include the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_tsunami" title="2004 tsunami" class="mw-redirect"&gt;2004 tsunami&lt;/a&gt; that killed an estimated 167,736 in northern Sumatra,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-64" title=""&gt;[65]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2006_Java_earthquake" title="May 2006 Java earthquake"&gt;Yogyakarta earthquake&lt;/a&gt; in 2006. However, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash"&gt;volcanic ash&lt;/a&gt; is a major contributor to the high agricultural fertility that has historically sustained the high population densities of Java and Bali.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-65" title=""&gt;[66]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span id="Climate"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Lying along the equator, Indonesia has a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate"&gt;tropical climate&lt;/a&gt;, with two distinct &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon"&gt;monsoonal&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season"&gt;wet&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season"&gt;dry&lt;/a&gt; seasons. Average annual rainfall in the lowlands varies from 1,780–3,175 millimeters (70–125 in), and up to 6,100 millimeters (240 in) in mountainous regions. Mountainous areas—particularly in the west coast of Sumatra, West Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua—receive the highest rainfall. Humidity is generally high, averaging about 80%. Temperatures vary little throughout the year; the average daily &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_range" title="Temperature range"&gt;temperature range&lt;/a&gt; of Jakarta is 26–30 °C (79–86 °F).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-66" title=""&gt;[67]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Ecology" id="Ecology"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Ecology"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Ecology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main articles: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Indonesia" title="Fauna of Indonesia"&gt;Fauna of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Indonesia" title="Flora of Indonesia"&gt;Flora of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 142px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Man_of_the_woods.JPG" class="image" title="The critically endangered Sumatran Orangutan, a great ape endemic to Indonesia"&gt;&lt;img alt="The critically endangered Sumatran Orangutan, a great ape endemic to Indonesia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Man_of_the_woods.JPG/140px-Man_of_the_woods.JPG" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="140" height="139" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Man_of_the_woods.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species"&gt;critically endangered&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_Orangutan" title="Sumatran Orangutan"&gt;Sumatran Orangutan&lt;/a&gt;, a great ape &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism"&gt;endemic&lt;/a&gt; to Indonesia&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography, support the world's second highest level of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity"&gt;biodiversity&lt;/a&gt; (after Brazil),&lt;sup id="cite_ref-LESTER_67-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-LESTER-67" title=""&gt;[68]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and its flora and fauna is a mixture of Asian and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia"&gt;Australasian&lt;/a&gt; species.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-68" title=""&gt;[69]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Once linked to the Asian mainland, the islands of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf"&gt;Sunda Shelf&lt;/a&gt; (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" title="Sumatran tiger" class="mw-redirect"&gt;tiger&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros"&gt;rhinoceros&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan"&gt;orangutan&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Elephant" title="Asian Elephant"&gt;elephant&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard"&gt;leopard&lt;/a&gt;, were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Forests cover approximately 60% of the country.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-69" title=""&gt;[70]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku—having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-70" title=""&gt;[71]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_New_Guinea" title="Fauna of New Guinea"&gt;unique fauna and flora&lt;/a&gt; closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-71" title=""&gt;[72]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 142px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cymbidium_dayanum_Orchi_04.jpg" class="image" title="Orchid Cymbidium dayanum"&gt;&lt;img alt="Orchid Cymbidium dayanum" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cymbidium_dayanum_Orchi_04.jpg/140px-Cymbidium_dayanum_Orchi_04.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="140" height="187" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cymbidium_dayanum_Orchi_04.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Orchid &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbidium" title="Cymbidium"&gt;Cymbidium dayanum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Indonesia is second only to Australia in its degree of endemism, with 26% of its 1,531 species of bird and 39% of its 515 species of mammal being endemic.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-72" title=""&gt;[73]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Indonesia's 80,000 kilometers (50,000 mi) of coastline are surrounded by tropical seas that contribute to the country's high level of biodiversity. Indonesia has a range of sea and coastal &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem"&gt;ecosystems&lt;/a&gt;, including beaches, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_dune" title="Sand dune" class="mw-redirect"&gt;sand dunes&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary"&gt;estuaries&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangroves" title="Mangroves" class="mw-redirect"&gt;mangroves&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef"&gt;coral reefs&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_grass" title="Sea grass" class="mw-redirect"&gt;sea grass&lt;/a&gt; beds, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat"&gt;coastal mudflats&lt;/a&gt;, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-EcoSeas1_2-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-EcoSeas1-2" title=""&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The British naturalist, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wallace" title="Alfred Wallace" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Alfred Wallace&lt;/a&gt;, described a dividing line between the distribution and peace of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Severin_73-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-Severin-73" title=""&gt;[74]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Known as the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line"&gt;Wallace Line&lt;/a&gt;, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombok_Strait" title="Lombok Strait"&gt;Lombok Strait&lt;/a&gt;, between &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok"&gt;Lombok&lt;/a&gt; and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago" title="The Malay Archipelago"&gt;The Malay Archipelago&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Wallace described numerous species unique to the surrounding area,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-74" title=""&gt;[75]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; which is now termed &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea"&gt;Wallacea&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Severin_73-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-Severin-73" title=""&gt;[74]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Indonesia's high population and rapid &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialization" title="Industrialization" class="mw-redirect"&gt;industrialization&lt;/a&gt; present serious environmental issues, which are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-forestprob_75-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-forestprob-75" title=""&gt;[76]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Issues include large-scale &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation"&gt;deforestation&lt;/a&gt; (much of it &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging"&gt;illegal&lt;/a&gt;) and related wildfires causing &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haze#Haze_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Haze"&gt;heavy smog&lt;/a&gt; over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization"&gt;urbanization&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development"&gt;economic development&lt;/a&gt;, including &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution"&gt;air pollution&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion"&gt;traffic congestion&lt;/a&gt;, garbage management, and reliable water and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater"&gt;waste water&lt;/a&gt; services.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-forestprob_75-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-forestprob-75" title=""&gt;[76]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction"&gt;Habitat destruction&lt;/a&gt; threatens the survival of indigenous and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism"&gt;endemic&lt;/a&gt; species, including 140 species of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammals" title="Mammals" class="mw-redirect"&gt;mammals&lt;/a&gt; identified by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Conservation_Union" title="World Conservation Union" class="mw-redirect"&gt;World Conservation Union&lt;/a&gt; (IUCN) as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species"&gt;threatened&lt;/a&gt;, and 15 identified as critically &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species"&gt;endangered&lt;/a&gt;, including the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_Orangutan" title="Sumatran Orangutan"&gt;Sumatran Orangutan&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-76" title=""&gt;[77]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Economy" id="Economy"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Economy"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Economy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia"&gt;Economy of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:KerbauJawa.jpg" class="image" title="Using water buffalo to plough rice fields in Java. Agriculture has been the country's largest employer for centuries."&gt;&lt;img alt="Using water buffalo to plough rice fields in Java. Agriculture has been the country's largest employer for centuries." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/KerbauJawa.jpg/180px-KerbauJawa.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="119" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:KerbauJawa.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Using &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_buffalo" title="Domestic buffalo" class="mw-redirect"&gt;water buffalo&lt;/a&gt; to plough &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_fields" title="Rice fields" class="mw-redirect"&gt;rice fields&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java"&gt;Java&lt;/a&gt;. Agriculture has been the country's largest employer for centuries.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Indonesia's estimated &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product" title="Gross Domestic Product" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Gross Domestic Product (GDP)&lt;/a&gt; for 2007 is US$408 billion (US$1,038 bn &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity"&gt;PPP&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-IMF_TOTAL_77-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-IMF_TOTAL-77" title=""&gt;[78]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 2007, estimated nominal &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_GDP" title="Per capita GDP" class="mw-redirect"&gt;per capita GDP&lt;/a&gt; is US$1,812, and per capita GDP PPP was US$4,616 (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dollars" title="International Dollars" class="mw-redirect"&gt;International Dollars&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-78" title=""&gt;[79]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Sector" title="Service Sector" class="mw-redirect"&gt;services sector&lt;/a&gt; is the economy's largest and accounts for 45.3% of GDP (2005). This is followed by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_sector" title="Industrial sector" class="mw-redirect"&gt;industry&lt;/a&gt; (40.7%) and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture"&gt;agriculture&lt;/a&gt; (14.0%).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-79" title=""&gt;[80]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; However, agriculture employs more people than other sectors, accounting for 44.3% of the 95 million-strong workforce. This is followed by the services sector (36.9%) and industry (18.8%).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-80" title=""&gt;[81]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Major industries include petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, and mining. Major agricultural products include palm oil, rice, tea, coffee, spices, and rubber.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Indonesia's main export markets (2005) are Japan (22.3%), the United States (13.9%), China (9.1%), and Singapore (8.9%). The major suppliers of imports to Indonesia are Japan (18.0%), China (16.1%), and Singapore (12.8%). In 2005, Indonesia ran a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_surplus" title="Trade surplus" class="mw-redirect"&gt;trade surplus&lt;/a&gt; with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export" title="Export"&gt;export&lt;/a&gt; revenues of US$83.64 billion and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import" title="Import"&gt;import&lt;/a&gt; expenditure of US$62.02 billion. The country has extensive natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, tin, copper, and gold. Indonesia's major imports include machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, and foodstuffs.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-indoCIA_81-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-indoCIA-81" title=""&gt;[82]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jakarta.jpg" class="image" title="Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia and the country's largest commercial center"&gt;&lt;img alt="Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia and the country's largest commercial center" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jakarta.jpg/180px-Jakarta.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="135" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jakarta.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta"&gt;Jakarta&lt;/a&gt;, the capital of Indonesia and the country's largest commercial center&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In the 1960s, the economy deteriorated drastically as a result of political instability, a young and inexperienced government, and ill-disciplined economic nationalism, which resulted in severe poverty and hunger.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-82" title=""&gt;[83]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Following President Sukarno's downfall in the mid-1960s, the New Order administration brought &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Mafia" title="Berkeley Mafia"&gt;a degree of discipline&lt;/a&gt; to economic policy that quickly brought inflation down, stabilized the currency, rescheduled &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_debt" title="Foreign debt" class="mw-redirect"&gt;foreign debt&lt;/a&gt;, and attracted foreign aid and investment.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-SCHWARZ_83-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-SCHWARZ-83" title=""&gt;[84]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Indonesia is Southeast Asia's only member of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC"&gt;OPEC&lt;/a&gt;, and the 1970s oil price raises provided an export revenue windfall that contributed to sustained high economic growth rates.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-84" title=""&gt;[85]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Following further reforms in the late 1980s,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-85" title=""&gt;[86]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; foreign investment flowed into Indonesia, particularly into the rapidly developing export-oriented &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_industry" title="Secondary sector of industry" class="mw-redirect"&gt;manufacturing sector&lt;/a&gt;, and from 1989 to 1997, the Indonesian economy grew by an average of over 7%.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-86" title=""&gt;[87]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_financial_crisis" title="Asian financial crisis" class="mw-redirect"&gt;East Asian financial crisis&lt;/a&gt; of 1997–98. Against the US dollar, the currency dropped from about Rp. 2,000 to Rp. 18,000, and the economy shrunk by 13.7%.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-CountryBrief_87-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-CountryBrief-87" title=""&gt;[88]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupiah" title="Rupiah" class="mw-redirect"&gt;rupiah&lt;/a&gt; has since stabilized at around Rp. 10,000, and there has been a slow but significant economic recovery. Political instability since 1998, slow economic reform, and corruption at all levels of government and business, have contributed to the patchy nature of the recovery.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-88" title=""&gt;[89]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International"&gt;Transparency International&lt;/a&gt;, for example, ranked Indonesia 143rd out of 180 countries in its 2007 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index"&gt;Corruption Perceptions Index&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-89" title=""&gt;[90]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; GDP growth, however, exceeded 5% in both 2004 and 2005, and is forecast to increase further.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-90" title=""&gt;[91]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This growth rate, however, is not enough to make a significant impact on unemployment,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-91" title=""&gt;[92]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and stagnant wages growth, and increases in fuel and rice prices have worsened poverty levels.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-92" title=""&gt;[93]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; As of 2006, an estimated 17.8% of the population live below the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold"&gt;poverty line&lt;/a&gt;, 49.0% of the population live on less than US$2 per day&lt;sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-93" title=""&gt;[94]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, and unemployment rate at 9.75%.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-94" title=""&gt;[95]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Demographics" id="Demographics"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Demographics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main articles: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia"&gt;Demographics of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia"&gt;Languages of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia"&gt;Religion in Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The national population from the 2000 national census is 206 million,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-bps2000_95-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-bps2000-95" title=""&gt;[96]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and the Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau and &lt;i&gt;Statistics Indonesia&lt;/i&gt; estimate a population of 222 million for 2006.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_96-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-autogenerated1-96" title=""&gt;[97]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 130 million people live on the island of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java" title="Java"&gt;Java&lt;/a&gt;, the world's most populous island.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-97" title=""&gt;[98]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Despite a fairly effective &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning"&gt;family planning&lt;/a&gt; program that has been in place since the 1960s, the population is expected to grow to around 315 million by 2035, based on the current estimated annual growth rate of 1.25%.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-98" title=""&gt;[99]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 142px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Joyce.png" class="image" title="A Minangkabau woman in traditional dress"&gt;&lt;img alt="A Minangkabau woman in traditional dress" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Joyce.png/140px-Joyce.png" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="140" height="122" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Joyce.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; A &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau" title="Minangkabau"&gt;Minangkabau&lt;/a&gt; woman in traditional dress&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Most Indonesians are descendant from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian" title="Austronesian" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Austronesian&lt;/a&gt;-speaking peoples who originated from Taiwan. The other major grouping are &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia"&gt;Melanesians&lt;/a&gt;, who inhabit eastern Indonesia.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-99" title=""&gt;[100]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; There are around 300 distinct native ethnicities in Indonesia, and 742 different languages and dialects.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-100" title=""&gt;[101]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The largest is the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people"&gt;Javanese&lt;/a&gt;, who comprise 42% of the population, and are politically and culturally dominant.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-101" title=""&gt;[102]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people"&gt;Sundanese&lt;/a&gt;, ethnic &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_%28ethnic_group%29" title="Malay (ethnic group)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Malays&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people"&gt;Madurese&lt;/a&gt; are the largest non-Javanese groups.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-102" title=""&gt;[103]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strongly maintained regional identities.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFS_256_103-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-RICKLEFS_256-103" title=""&gt;[104]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Society is largely harmonious, although social, religious and ethnic tensions have triggered horrendous violence.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-104" title=""&gt;[105]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" title="Chinese Indonesian"&gt;Chinese Indonesians&lt;/a&gt; are an influential ethnic minority comprising less than 5% of the population. Much of the country's privately-owned commerce and wealth is Chinese-controlled,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-105" title=""&gt;[106]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; which has contributed to considerable resentment, and even anti-Chinese violence.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-106" title=""&gt;[107]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The official national language, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language"&gt;Indonesian&lt;/a&gt;, is universally taught in schools, and is spoken by nearly every Indonesian. It is the language of business, politics, national media, education, and academia. It was originally a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca"&gt;lingua franca&lt;/a&gt; for most of the region, including present-day Malaysia, and is thus closely related to &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language"&gt;Malay&lt;/a&gt;. Indonesian was first promoted by nationalists in the 1920s, and declared the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language"&gt;official language&lt;/a&gt; on independence in 1945. Most Indonesians speak at least one of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia"&gt;several hundred local languages&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;i&gt;bahasa daerah&lt;/i&gt;), often as their &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language" title="First language"&gt;first language&lt;/a&gt;. Of these, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language"&gt;Javanese&lt;/a&gt; is the most widely-spoken as the language of the largest ethnic group.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-indoCIA_81-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-indoCIA-81" title=""&gt;[82]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; On the other hand, Papua has 500 or more indigenous &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages"&gt;Papuan&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages"&gt;Austronesian languages&lt;/a&gt;, in a region of just 2.7 million people. Much of the older population can still speak a level of Dutch. &lt;sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-107" title=""&gt;[108]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Although religious freedom is stipulated in the Indonesian constitution,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-108" title=""&gt;[109]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; the government officially recognizes only six religions: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia"&gt;Islam&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism"&gt;Protestantism&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church"&gt;Roman Catholicism&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia"&gt;Hinduism&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism"&gt;Buddhism&lt;/a&gt;; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism"&gt;Confucianism&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Yang_109-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-Yang-109" title=""&gt;[110]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Although it is not an Islamic state, Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation, with almost 86.1% of Indonesians declared Muslim according to the 2000 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census" title="Census"&gt;census&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-indoCIA_81-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-indoCIA-81" title=""&gt;[82]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 8.7% of the population is &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity"&gt;Christian&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-110" title=""&gt;[111]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 3% are Hindu, and 1.8% Buddhist or other. Most Indonesian Hindus are &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people"&gt;Balinese&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-OEYBALI_111-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-OEYBALI-111" title=""&gt;[112]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and most Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are ethnic Chinese.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-112" title=""&gt;[113]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Though now minority religions, Hinduism and Buddhism remain defining influences in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia"&gt;Indonesian culture&lt;/a&gt;. Islam was first adopted by Indonesians in northern Sumatra in the 13th century, through the influence of traders, and became the country's dominant religion by the 16th century.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-csi_113-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-csi-113" title=""&gt;[114]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Roman Catholicism was brought to Indonesia by early Portuguese colonialists and missionaries,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-114" title=""&gt;[115]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and the Protestant denominations are largely a result of Dutch &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinist" title="Calvinist" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Calvinist&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran" title="Lutheran" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Lutheran&lt;/a&gt; missionary efforts during the country's colonial period.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-115" title=""&gt;[116]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A large proportion of Indonesians—such as the Javanese &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abangan" title="Abangan"&gt;abangan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Balinese Hindus, and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people"&gt;Dayak&lt;/a&gt; Christians—practice a less &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox" title="Orthodox"&gt;orthodox&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism"&gt;syncretic&lt;/a&gt; form of their religion, which draws on local customs and beliefs.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-116" title=""&gt;[117]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Culture" id="Culture"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Culture"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Culture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Main article: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia"&gt;Culture of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 142px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:WayangKulit_Scene_Zoom.JPG" class="image" title="A Wayang kulit shadow puppet performance as seen by the audience"&gt;&lt;img alt="A Wayang kulit shadow puppet performance as seen by the audience" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/WayangKulit_Scene_Zoom.JPG/140px-WayangKulit_Scene_Zoom.JPG" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="140" height="140" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:WayangKulit_Scene_Zoom.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; A &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang"&gt;Wayang kulit&lt;/a&gt; shadow puppet performance as seen by the audience&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Indonesia has around 300 ethnic groups, each with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity"&gt;cultural differences&lt;/a&gt; developed over centuries, and influenced by Indian, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" title="Arab"&gt;Arabic&lt;/a&gt;, Chinese, Malay, and European sources. Traditional Javanese and Balinese dances, for example, contain aspects of Hindu culture and mythology, as do &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang"&gt;wayang kulit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (shadow puppet) performances. Textiles such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batik" title="Batik"&gt;batik&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat"&gt;ikat&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songket" title="Songket"&gt;songket&lt;/a&gt; are created across Indonesia in styles that vary by region. The most dominant influences on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_architecture" title="Indonesian architecture"&gt;Indonesian architecture&lt;/a&gt; have traditionally been &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_architecture" title="Indian architecture" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Indian&lt;/a&gt;; however, Chinese, Arab, and European architectural influences have been significant. The most popular sports in Indonesia are &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton"&gt;badminton&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_%28soccer%29" title="Football (soccer)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;football&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Indonesia" title="Liga Indonesia"&gt;Liga Indonesia&lt;/a&gt; is the country's premier football club league. Traditional sports include &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepak_takraw" title="Sepak takraw"&gt;sepak takraw&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, and bull racing in Madura. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, mock fighting contests are held, such as, &lt;i&gt;caci&lt;/i&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores" title="Flores"&gt;Flores&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasola" title="Pasola"&gt;pasola&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba"&gt;Sumba&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencak_Silat" title="Pencak Silat"&gt;Pencak Silat&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is an Indonesian martial art. Sports in Indonesia are generally male-orientated and spectator sports are often associated with illegal gambling.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-117" title=""&gt;[118]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;" class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SOTO_FOOD.jpg" class="image" title="A selection of Indonesian food, including Soto Ayam (chicken noodle soup), sate kerang (shellfish kebabs), telor pindang (preserved eggs), perkedel (fritter), and es teh manis (sweet iced tea)"&gt;&lt;img alt="A selection of Indonesian food, including Soto Ayam (chicken noodle soup), sate kerang (shellfish kebabs), telor pindang (preserved eggs), perkedel (fritter), and es teh manis (sweet iced tea)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/SOTO_FOOD.jpg/180px-SOTO_FOOD.jpg" class="thumbimage" border="0" width="180" height="135" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SOTO_FOOD.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; A selection of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Indonesia" title="Cuisine of Indonesia"&gt;Indonesian food&lt;/a&gt;, including &lt;i&gt;Soto Ayam&lt;/i&gt; (chicken noodle soup), &lt;i&gt;sate kerang&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satay" title="Satay"&gt;shellfish kebabs&lt;/a&gt;), &lt;i&gt;telor pindang&lt;/i&gt; (preserved eggs), &lt;i&gt;perkedel&lt;/i&gt; (fritter), and &lt;i&gt;es teh manis&lt;/i&gt; (sweet iced tea)&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Indonesia" title="Cuisine of Indonesia"&gt;Indonesian cuisine&lt;/a&gt; varies by region and is based on Chinese, European, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East"&gt;Middle Eastern&lt;/a&gt;, and Indian precedents.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-118" title=""&gt;[119]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Rice is the main &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food"&gt;staple food&lt;/a&gt; and is served with &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_dish" title="Side dish"&gt;side dishes&lt;/a&gt; of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chili), &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk"&gt;coconut milk&lt;/a&gt;, fish and chicken are fundamental ingredients.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-119" title=""&gt;[120]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Indonesian traditional music includes &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan"&gt;gamelan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;keroncong&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangdut" title="Dangdut"&gt;Dangdut&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; is a popular contemporary genre of pop music that draws influence from Arabic, Indian, and Malay folk music. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia"&gt;Indonesian film industry's&lt;/a&gt; popularity peaked in the 1980s and dominated cinemas in Indonesia,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-kompasmovies_120-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-kompasmovies-120" title=""&gt;[121]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; although it declined significantly in the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s" title="1990s"&gt;early 1990s&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-121" title=""&gt;[122]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Between 2000 and 2005, the number of Indonesian films released each year has steadily increased.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-kompasmovies_120-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-kompasmovies-120" title=""&gt;[121]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The oldest evidence of writing in Indonesia is a series of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit"&gt;Sanskrit&lt;/a&gt; inscriptions dated to the 5th century CE. Important figures in modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multatuli" title="Multatuli"&gt;Multatuli&lt;/a&gt;, who criticized treatment of the Indonesians under Dutch colonial rule; Sumatrans &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Yamin" title="Muhammad Yamin"&gt;Muhammad Yamin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamka" title="Hamka"&gt;Hamka&lt;/a&gt;, who were influential pre-independence nationalist writers and politicians;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-122" title=""&gt;[123]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and proletarian writer &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramoedya_Ananta_Toer" title="Pramoedya Ananta Toer"&gt;Pramoedya Ananta Toer&lt;/a&gt;, Indonesia's most famous novelist.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-123" title=""&gt;[124]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Many of Indonesia's peoples have strongly-rooted &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition"&gt;oral traditions&lt;/a&gt;, which help to define and preserve their cultural identities.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_Jakarta.2C_Indonesia_124-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-UNESCO_Jakarta.2C_Indonesia-124" title=""&gt;[125]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Indonesia" title="Media of Indonesia"&gt;Media&lt;/a&gt; freedom in Indonesia increased considerably after the end of President &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto"&gt;Suharto&lt;/a&gt;'s rule, during which the now-defunct Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media, and restricted foreign media.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-125" title=""&gt;[126]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television"&gt;TV&lt;/a&gt; market includes ten national commercial networks, and provincial networks that compete with public &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVRI" title="TVRI"&gt;TVRI&lt;/a&gt;. Private &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station" title="Radio station" class="mw-redirect"&gt;radio stations&lt;/a&gt; carry their own news bulletins and foreign broadcasters supply programs. At a reported 20 million users in 2007,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_note-126" title=""&gt;[127]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Internet usage is limited to a minority of the population, approximately 8.5%.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="See_also" id="See_also"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=11" title="Edit section: See also"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table class="navbox" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 2px;"&gt; &lt;table id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"&gt;&lt;span style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;"&gt;[&lt;a href="javascript:collapseTable(0);" id="collapseButton0"&gt;hide&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"&gt; &lt;div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Indonesia_topics" title="Template:Indonesia topics"&gt;&lt;span title="View this template" style="border: medium none ;"&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Indonesia_topics" title="Template talk:Indonesia topics"&gt;&lt;span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Discussion about this template"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Indonesia_topics&amp;amp;action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Indonesia_topics&amp;amp;action=edit" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving."&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 110%;"&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Indonesia.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/26px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="26" height="17" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong class="selflink"&gt;Indonesia&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesia-related_topics" title="List of Indonesia-related topics"&gt;topics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia"&gt;History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history" title="Timeline of Indonesian history"&gt;Timeline&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-colonial_Indonesia" title="Pre-colonial Indonesia" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Pre-colonial Indonesia (pre-1602)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies"&gt;Dutch East Indies (1602–1945)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-independence_Indonesia" title="Post-independence Indonesia" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Post-independence (1945–1965)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_%28Indonesia%29" title="New Order (Indonesia)"&gt;New Order (1965–1998)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Suharto_Era" title="Post-Suharto Era"&gt;Reformation (1998 to date)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia"&gt;Geography&lt;/a&gt; and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Natural history of Indonesia"&gt;natural history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Islands&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Indonesia" title="List of lakes of Indonesia" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Lakes&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Mountains of Indonesia"&gt;Mountains&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia"&gt;Volcanoes&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia" title="List of national parks of Indonesia"&gt;National parks&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Rivers of Indonesia"&gt;Rivers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Indonesia" title="Fauna of Indonesia"&gt;Fauna&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Indonesia" title="Flora of Indonesia"&gt;Flora&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Government&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia"&gt;politics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancasila_%28politics%29" title="Pancasila (politics)"&gt;Pancasila&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia"&gt;Constitution&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia"&gt;President&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of Presidents of Indonesia"&gt;list&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Indonesia_Cabinet" title="United Indonesia Cabinet"&gt;Cabinet&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly"&gt;People's Consultative Assembly&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia"&gt;Foreign relations&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indonesia" title="List of political parties in Indonesia"&gt;Political parties&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia"&gt;Elections&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Indonesia" title="Military of Indonesia"&gt;Military&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indonesian_law" title="Category:Indonesian law"&gt;Law&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Indonesia" title="Category:Law enforcement in Indonesia"&gt;Law enforcement&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia"&gt;Human rights&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia"&gt;Economy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Companies_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Companies of Indonesia"&gt;Companies&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Indonesia" title="Communications in Indonesia"&gt;Communications&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_Indonesia" title="Category:Science and technology in Indonesia"&gt;Science and technology&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Stock_Exchange" title="Jakarta Stock Exchange"&gt;Stock Exchange&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia"&gt;Tourism&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia"&gt;Transport&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia"&gt;Demographics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Indonesia" title="Administrative divisions of Indonesia"&gt;Administrative divisions&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia"&gt;Provinces&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Indonesia" title="List of cities in Indonesia"&gt;Cities&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"&gt;Ethnic groups&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Indonesia" title="Health in Indonesia"&gt;Health&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia"&gt;Languages&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia"&gt;Religion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-group" style="padding: 0.35em 1em; line-height: 1.1em;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia"&gt;Culture&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; width: 100%; line-height: 1.4em;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_architecture" title="Indonesian architecture"&gt;Architecture&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indonesian_art" title="Category:Indonesian art"&gt;Art&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia"&gt;Cinema&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Indonesia" title="Cuisine of Indonesia"&gt;Cuisine&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Dances of Indonesia"&gt;Dance&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia"&gt;Education&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indonesian_folklore" title="Category:Indonesian folklore"&gt;Folklore&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesians" title="List of Indonesians"&gt;Indonesians&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature"&gt;Literature&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Indonesia" title="Media of Indonesia"&gt;Media&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia"&gt;Music&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" title="Public holidays in Indonesia"&gt;Public holidays&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;·&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Indonesia" title="Sport in Indonesia"&gt;Sport&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="" colspan="2"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia"&gt;Portal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="References" id="References"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=12" title="Edit section: References"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="General" id="General"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=13" title="Edit section: General"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;General&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="references-small" style="margin-left: 1.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Friend-2003"&gt;Friend, T. (2003). &lt;i&gt;Indonesian Destinies&lt;/i&gt;. Harvard University Press. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674011376" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-674-01137-6&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Indonesian+Destinies&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Friend&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-674-01137-6"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Ricklefs-1991"&gt;Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). &lt;i&gt;A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, Second Edition&lt;/i&gt;. MacMillan. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/033357689X" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-333-57689-X&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+since+c.1300%2C+Second+Edition&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Ricklefs&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=M.+C.&amp;amp;rft.date=1991&amp;amp;rft.pub=MacMillan&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-333-57689-X"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Schwarz-1994"&gt;Schwarz, A. (1994). &lt;i&gt;A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s&lt;/i&gt;. Westview Press. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1863736352" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 1-86373-635-2&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=A+Nation+in+Waiting%3A+Indonesia+in+the+1990s&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Schwarz&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;amp;rft.date=1994&amp;amp;rft.pub=Westview+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=1-86373-635-2"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Taylor-2003"&gt;Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). &lt;i&gt;Indonesia: Peoples and Histories&lt;/i&gt;. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300105185" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-300-10518-5&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+Peoples+and+Histories&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-300-10518-5"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Vickers-2005"&gt;Vickers, Adrian (2005). &lt;i&gt;A History of Modern Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;. Cambridge University Press. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521542626" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-521-54262-6&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Vickers&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Adrian&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-521-54262-6"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="Notes" id="Notes"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Notes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2; text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;ol class="references"&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/86.htm" class="external text" title="http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/86.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;US Library of Congress&lt;/a&gt;; Vickers (2005), page 117.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-imf2-1"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-imf2_1-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-imf2_1-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-imf2_1-2" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-imf2_1-3" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;d&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2004&amp;amp;ey=2008&amp;amp;scsm=1&amp;amp;ssd=1&amp;amp;sort=country&amp;amp;ds=.&amp;amp;br=1&amp;amp;c=536&amp;amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;amp;grp=0&amp;amp;a=&amp;amp;pr.x=76&amp;amp;pr.y=10" class="external text" title="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2004&amp;amp;ey=2008&amp;amp;scsm=1&amp;amp;ssd=1&amp;amp;sort=country&amp;amp;ds=.&amp;amp;br=1&amp;amp;c=536&amp;amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;amp;grp=0&amp;amp;a=&amp;amp;pr.x=76&amp;amp;pr.y=10" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;".  International Monetary Fund. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_9" title="October 9"&gt;10-09&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-EcoSeas1-2"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-EcoSeas1_2-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-EcoSeas1_2-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Tomascik-1996"&gt;Tomascik, T; Mah, J.A., Nontji, A., Moosa, M.K. (1996). &lt;i&gt;The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas - Part One&lt;/i&gt;. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd.. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9625930787" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 962-593-078-7&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+the+Indonesian+Seas+-+Part+One&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Tomascik&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=T&amp;amp;rft.date=1996&amp;amp;rft.pub=Periplus+Editions+Ltd.&amp;amp;rft.place=Hong+Kong"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-indoety-3"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-indoety_3-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-indoety_3-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);"&gt;(Indonesian)&lt;/span&gt; Anshory, Irfan (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004"&gt;2004&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_16" title="August 16"&gt;08-16&lt;/a&gt;). "&lt;a href="http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/0804/16/0802.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/0804/16/0802.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Asal Usul Nama Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;", Pikiran Rakyat&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on 2006-10-05&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Irfan&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Anshory&amp;amp;rft.title=Asal+Usul+Nama+Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pikiran-rakyat.com%2Fcetak%2F0804%2F16%2F0802.htm&amp;amp;rft.publisher=Pikiran+Rakyat&amp;amp;rft.date=2004-08-16"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-JIAEA_1-4"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-JIAEA_1_4-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Earl, George S. W. (1850). "On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations". &lt;i&gt;Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA)&lt;/i&gt;: p.119.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=On+The+Leading+Characteristics+of+the+Papuan%2C+Australian+and+Malay-Polynesian+Nations&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Indian+Archipelago+and+Eastern+Asia+%28JIAEA%29&amp;amp;rft.date=1850&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Earl&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=George+S.+W.&amp;amp;rft.pages=p.119"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-JIAEA_3-5"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-JIAEA_3_5-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Logan, James Richardson (1850). "The Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago: Embracing Enquiries into the Continental Relations of the Indo-Pacific Islanders". &lt;i&gt;Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA)&lt;/i&gt;: pp. 4:252–347.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=The+Ethnology+of+the+Indian+Archipelago%3A+Embracing+Enquiries+into+the+Continental+Relations+of+the+Indo-Pacific+Islanders&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Indian+Archipelago+and+Eastern+Asia+%28JIAEA%29&amp;amp;rft.date=1850&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Logan&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=James+Richardson&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.+4%3A252%E2%80%93347"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Earl, George S. W. (1850). "On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations". &lt;i&gt;Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA)&lt;/i&gt;: pp. 254, 277–278.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=On+The+Leading+Characteristics+of+the+Papuan%2C+Australian+and+Malay-Polynesian+Nations&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Indian+Archipelago+and+Eastern+Asia+%28JIAEA%29&amp;amp;rft.date=1850&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Earl&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=George+S.+W.&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.+254%2C+277%26ndash%3B278"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-6"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-6" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (This term was introduced in 1860 in the influential novel &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Havelaar" title="Max Havelaar"&gt;Max Havelaar&lt;/a&gt; (1859), written by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multatuli" title="Multatuli"&gt;Multatuli&lt;/a&gt;, critical of Dutch colonialism). &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Justus M. van der Kroef (1951). "&lt;a href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28195107%2F09%2971%3A3%3C166%3ATTIIOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5" class="external text" title="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28195107%2F09%2971%3A3%3C166%3ATTIIOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5" rel="nofollow"&gt;The Term Indonesia: Its Origin and Usage&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Journal of the American Oriental Society&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;71&lt;/b&gt; (3): 166–171. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;span class="neverexpand"&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F595186" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F595186" rel="nofollow"&gt;10.2307/595186&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=The+Term+Indonesia%3A+Its+Origin+and+Usage&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&amp;amp;rft.date=1951&amp;amp;rft.volume=71&amp;amp;rft.issue=3&amp;amp;rft.au=Justus+M.+van+der+Kroef&amp;amp;rft.pages=166%26ndash%3B171&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F595186&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinks.jstor.org%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0003-0279%2528195107%252F09%252971%253A3%253C166%253ATTIIOA%253E2.0.CO%253B2-5"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-7"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-7" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Jusuf M. van der Kroef (1951). "&lt;a href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28195107%2F09%2971%3A3%3C166%3ATTIIOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5" class="external text" title="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28195107%2F09%2971%3A3%3C166%3ATTIIOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5" rel="nofollow"&gt;The Term Indonesia: Its Origin and Usage&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Journal of the American Oriental Society&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;71&lt;/b&gt; (3): 166–171. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;span class="neverexpand"&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F595186" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F595186" rel="nofollow"&gt;10.2307/595186&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=The+Term+Indonesia%3A+Its+Origin+and+Usage&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&amp;amp;rft.date=1951&amp;amp;rft.volume=71&amp;amp;rft.issue=3&amp;amp;rft.au=Jusuf+M.+van+der+Kroef&amp;amp;rft.pages=166%26ndash%3B171&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F595186&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinks.jstor.org%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0003-0279%2528195107%252F09%252971%253A3%253C166%253ATTIIOA%253E2.0.CO%253B2-5"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-8"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-8" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Pope (1988). "Recent advances in far eastern paleoanthropology". &lt;i&gt;Annual Review of Anthropology&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;17&lt;/b&gt;: 43–77. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;span class="neverexpand"&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.an.17.100188.000355" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.an.17.100188.000355" rel="nofollow"&gt;10.1146/annurev.an.17.100188.000355&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+far+eastern+paleoanthropology&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&amp;amp;rft.date=1988&amp;amp;rft.volume=17&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Pope&amp;amp;rft.pages=43%E2%80%9377&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.an.17.100188.000355"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; cited in &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Whitten-1996"&gt;Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. (1996). &lt;i&gt;The Ecology of Java and Bali&lt;/i&gt;. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd, 309–312.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Java+and+Bali&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Whitten&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=T&amp;amp;rft.date=1996&amp;amp;rft.pub=Periplus+Editions+Ltd&amp;amp;rft.place=Hong+Kong&amp;amp;rft.pages=309%E2%80%93312"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Pope, G (15 August 1983). "&lt;a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/16/4988" class="external text" title="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/16/4988" rel="nofollow"&gt;Evidence on the Age of the Asian Hominidae&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;80&lt;/b&gt; (16): 4,988–4992. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;span class="neverexpand"&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.80.16.4988" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.80.16.4988" rel="nofollow"&gt;10.1073/pnas.80.16.4988&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6410399" class="external" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6410399"&gt;PMID 6410399&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Evidence+on+the+Age+of+the+Asian+Hominidae&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;amp;rft.date=15+August+1983&amp;amp;rft.volume=80&amp;amp;rft.issue=16&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Pope&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=G&amp;amp;rft.pages=4%2C988%E2%80%934992&amp;amp;rft_id=info:pmid/6410399&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.80.16.4988&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F80%2F16%2F4988"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; cited in &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Whitten-1996"&gt;Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. (1996). &lt;i&gt;The Ecology of Java and Bali&lt;/i&gt;. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd, 309.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Java+and+Bali&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Whitten&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=T&amp;amp;rft.date=1996&amp;amp;rft.pub=Periplus+Editions+Ltd&amp;amp;rft.place=Hong+Kong&amp;amp;rft.pages=309"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;de Vos, J.P.; P.Y. Sondaar, (9 December 1994). "&lt;a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/266/5191/1726.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/266/5191/1726.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;Dating hominid sites in Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;" (PDF). &lt;i&gt;Science Magazine&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;266&lt;/b&gt; (16): 4,988–4992. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;span class="neverexpand"&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7992059" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7992059" rel="nofollow"&gt;10.1126/science.7992059&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Dating+hominid+sites+in+Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Science+Magazine&amp;amp;rft.date=9+December+1994&amp;amp;rft.volume=266&amp;amp;rft.issue=16&amp;amp;rft.aulast=de+Vos&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=J.P.&amp;amp;rft.pages=4%2C988%E2%80%934992&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7992059&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F266%2F5191%2F1726.pdf"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; cited in &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Whitten-1996"&gt;Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. (1996). &lt;i&gt;The Ecology of Java and Bali&lt;/i&gt;. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd, 309.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Java+and+Bali&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Whitten&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=T&amp;amp;rft.date=1996&amp;amp;rft.pub=Periplus+Editions+Ltd&amp;amp;rft.place=Hong+Kong&amp;amp;rft.pages=309"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-9"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-9" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Taylor (2003), pages 5–7&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-10"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-10" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Taylor, Jean Gelman. &lt;i&gt;Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp.8–9. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300105185" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-300-10518-5&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&amp;amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.8%E2%80%939"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-11"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-11" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Taylor, Jean Gelman. &lt;i&gt;Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp.15–18. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300105185" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-300-10518-5&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&amp;amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.15%E2%80%9318"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-12"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-12" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Taylor (2003), pages 3, 9, 10–11, 13, 14–15, 18–20, 22–23; Vickers (2005), pages 18–20, 60, 133–134&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-13"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-13" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Taylor (2003), pages 22–26; Ricklefs (1991), page 3&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-14"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-14" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Peter Lewis (1982). "The next great empire". &lt;i&gt;Futures&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;14&lt;/b&gt; (1): 47–61. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;span class="neverexpand"&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-3287%2882%2990071-4" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-3287%2882%2990071-4" rel="nofollow"&gt;10.1016/0016-3287(82)90071-4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=The+next+great+empire&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Futures&amp;amp;rft.date=1982&amp;amp;rft.volume=14&amp;amp;rft.issue=1&amp;amp;rft.au=Peter+Lewis&amp;amp;rft.pages=47%E2%80%9361&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0016-3287%2882%2990071-4"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-15"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-15" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Ricklefs (1991), pages 3 to 14&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-16"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-16" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Ricklefs (1991), pages 12–14&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-RICKLEFSp24-17"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp24_17-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp24_17-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Ricklefs-1993"&gt;Ricklefs, M.C (1993). &lt;i&gt;A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, second edition&lt;/i&gt;. London: MacMillan, p.22–24. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333576896" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-333-57689-6&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+c.1300%2C+second+edition&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Ricklefs&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=M.C&amp;amp;rft.date=1993&amp;amp;rft.pub=MacMillan&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pages=p.22%E2%80%9324&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-333-57689-6"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-DUTCH_BOUNDARIES-18"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-DUTCH_BOUNDARIES_18-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Dutch troops were constantly engaged in quelling rebellions both on and off Java. The influence of local leaders such as &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Diponegoro" title="Prince Diponegoro" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Prince Diponegoro&lt;/a&gt; in central Java, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Bonjol" title="Imam Bonjol" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Imam Bonjol&lt;/a&gt; in central Sumatra and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattimura" title="Pattimura"&gt;Pattimura&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku" title="Maluku" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Maluku&lt;/a&gt;, and a bloody &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh_War" title="Aceh War" class="mw-redirect"&gt;thirty-year war in Aceh&lt;/a&gt; weakened the Dutch and tied up the colonial military forces.(Schwartz 1999, pages 3–4) Despite major internal political, social and sectarian divisions during the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution"&gt;National Revolution&lt;/a&gt;, Indonesians, on the whole, found unity in their fight for independence.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-19"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-19" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Gert Oostindie and Bert Paasman (1998). "&lt;a href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/eighteenth-century_studies/v031/31.3oostindie.html" class="external text" title="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/eighteenth-century_studies/v031/31.3oostindie.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Dutch Attitudes towards Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Eighteenth-Century Studies&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;31&lt;/b&gt; (3): 349–355. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;span class="neverexpand"&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fecs.1998.0021" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fecs.1998.0021" rel="nofollow"&gt;10.1353/ecs.1998.0021&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Dutch+Attitudes+towards+Colonial+Empires%2C+Indigenous+Cultures%2C+and+Slaves&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Studies&amp;amp;rft.date=1998&amp;amp;rft.volume=31&amp;amp;rft.issue=3&amp;amp;rft.au=Gert+Oostindie+and+Bert+Paasman&amp;amp;rft.pages=349%E2%80%93355&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1353%2Fecs.1998.0021&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Feighteenth-century_studies%2Fv031%2F31.3oostindie.html"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Ricklefs-1993"&gt;Ricklefs, M.C. (1993). &lt;i&gt;History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, second edition&lt;/i&gt;. London: MacMillan. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333576896" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-333-57689-6&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+c.1300%2C+second+edition&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Ricklefs&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=M.C.&amp;amp;rft.date=1993&amp;amp;rft.pub=MacMillan&amp;amp;rft.place=London"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-20"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-20" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubertus_Johannes_van_Mook" title="Hubertus Johannes van Mook"&gt;H. J. Van Mook&lt;/a&gt; (1949). "&lt;a href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-5850%28194907%2925%3A3%3C274%3AI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P" class="external text" title="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-5850%28194907%2925%3A3%3C274%3AI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Royal Institute of International Affairs&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;25&lt;/b&gt; (3): 274–285.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Royal+Institute+of+International+Affairs&amp;amp;rft.date=1949&amp;amp;rft.volume=25&amp;amp;rft.issue=3&amp;amp;rft.au=H.+J.+Van+Mook&amp;amp;rft.pages=274%E2%80%93285&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinks.jstor.org%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0020-5850%2528194907%252925%253A3%253C274%253AI%253E2.0.CO%253B2-P"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Charles Bidien (5 December 1945). "&lt;a href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0362-8949%2819451205%2914%3A24%3C345%3AITI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S" class="external text" title="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0362-8949%2819451205%2914%3A24%3C345%3AITI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S" rel="nofollow"&gt;Independence the Issue&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Far Eastern Survey&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;14&lt;/b&gt; (24): 345–348. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;span class="neverexpand"&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.1945.14.24.01p17062" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.1945.14.24.01p17062" rel="nofollow"&gt;10.1525/as.1945.14.24.01p17062&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Independence+the+Issue&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Far+Eastern+Survey&amp;amp;rft.date=5+December+1945&amp;amp;rft.volume=14&amp;amp;rft.issue=24&amp;amp;rft.au=Charles+Bidien&amp;amp;rft.pages=345%E2%80%93348&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1525%2Fas.1945.14.24.01p17062&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinks.jstor.org%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0362-8949%252819451205%252914%253A24%253C345%253AITI%253E2.0.CO%253B2-S"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Taylor-2003"&gt;Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). &lt;i&gt;Indonesia: Peoples and History&lt;/i&gt;. Yale University Press, 325. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300105185" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-300-10518-5&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+Peoples+and+History&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.pages=325"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; Reid (1973), page 30&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-21"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-21" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Charles Bidien (5 December 1945). "&lt;a href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0362-8949%2819451205%2914%3A24%3C345%3AITI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S" class="external text" title="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0362-8949%2819451205%2914%3A24%3C345%3AITI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S" rel="nofollow"&gt;Independence the Issue&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Far Eastern Survey&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;14&lt;/b&gt; (24): 345–348. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;span class="neverexpand"&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.1945.14.24.01p17062" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.1945.14.24.01p17062" rel="nofollow"&gt;10.1525/as.1945.14.24.01p17062&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Independence+the+Issue&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Far+Eastern+Survey&amp;amp;rft.date=5+December+1945&amp;amp;rft.volume=14&amp;amp;rft.issue=24&amp;amp;rft.au=Charles+Bidien&amp;amp;rft.pages=345%E2%80%93348&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1525%2Fas.1945.14.24.01p17062&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinks.jstor.org%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0362-8949%252819451205%252914%253A24%253C345%253AITI%253E2.0.CO%253B2-S"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; "&lt;a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-inde.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-inde.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesian War of Independence"&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Military&lt;/i&gt;.  GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_11" title="December 11"&gt;12-11&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-22"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-22" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Ricklefs (1991), pages 237 - 280&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-23"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-23" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Friend (2003), pages 107–109; Chris Hilton (writer and director). (2001). &lt;i&gt;Shadowplay&lt;/i&gt; [Television documentary]. Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions.; Ricklefs (1991), pages 280–283, 284, 287–290&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-24"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-24" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;John Roosa and Joseph Nevins (5 November 2005). "&lt;a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/roosa11052005.html" class="external text" title="http://www.counterpunch.org/roosa11052005.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;40 Years Later: The Mass Killings in Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CounterPunch_%28newsletter%29" title="CounterPunch (newsletter)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Counterpunch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_12" title="November 12"&gt;11-12&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=40+Years+Later%3A+The+Mass+Killings+in+Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BCounterPunch+%28newsletter%29%7CCounterpunch%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=5+November+2005&amp;amp;rft.au=John+Roosa+and+Joseph+Nevins&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.counterpunch.org%2Froosa11052005.html"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Robert Cribb (2002). "Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965-1966". &lt;i&gt;Asian Survey&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;42&lt;/b&gt; (4): 550–563. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;span class="neverexpand"&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2002.42.4.550" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2002.42.4.550" rel="nofollow"&gt;10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Unresolved+Problems+in+the+Indonesian+Killings+of+1965-1966&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&amp;amp;rft.date=2002&amp;amp;rft.volume=42&amp;amp;rft.issue=4&amp;amp;rft.au=Robert+Cribb&amp;amp;rft.pages=550%E2%80%93563&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1525%2Fas.2002.42.4.550"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-25"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-25" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;John D. Legge (1968). "&lt;a href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-5850%28196801%2944%3A1%3C40%3AGSNO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I" class="external text" title="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-5850%28196801%2944%3A1%3C40%3AGSNO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I" rel="nofollow"&gt;General Suharto's New Order&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Royal Institute of International Affairs&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;44&lt;/b&gt; (1): 40–47.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=General+Suharto%27s+New+Order&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Royal+Institute+of+International+Affairs&amp;amp;rft.date=1968&amp;amp;rft.volume=44&amp;amp;rft.issue=1&amp;amp;rft.au=John+D.+Legge&amp;amp;rft.pages=40%E2%80%9347&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinks.jstor.org%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0020-5850%2528196801%252944%253A1%253C40%253AGSNO%253E2.0.CO%253B2-I"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-26"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-26" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; US National Archives, RG 59 Records of Department of State; cable no. 868, ref: Embtel 852, Oct 5 1965. &lt;a href="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/johnsonlb/xxvi/4445.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/johnsonlb/xxvi/4445.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;; Adrian Vickers, &lt;i&gt;A History of Modern Indonesia.&lt;/i&gt; Cambridge University Press, p. 163; 2005; David Slater, &lt;i&gt;Geopolitics and the Post-Colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations,&lt;/i&gt; London: Blackwell, p. 70&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-27"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-27" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Vickers-2005"&gt;Vickers, Adrian (2005). &lt;i&gt;A History of Modern Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;. Cambridge University Press. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521542626" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-521-54262-6&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Vickers&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Adrian&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-521-54262-6"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Schwarz-1994"&gt;Schwarz, A. (1994). &lt;i&gt;A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s&lt;/i&gt;. Westview Press. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1863736352" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 1-86373-635-2&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=A+Nation+in+Waiting%3A+Indonesia+in+the+1990s&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Schwarz&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;amp;rft.date=1994&amp;amp;rft.pub=Westview+Press&amp;amp;rft.isbn=1-86373-635-2"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Ricklefs-1991"&gt;Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). &lt;i&gt;A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, Second Edition&lt;/i&gt;. MacMillan. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/033357689X" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-333-57689-X&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+since+c.1300%2C+Second+Edition&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Ricklefs&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=M.+C.&amp;amp;rft.date=1991&amp;amp;rft.pub=MacMillan&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0-333-57689-X"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-28"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-28" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Delhaise-1998"&gt;Delhaise, Philippe F. (1998). &lt;i&gt;Asia in Crisis: The Implosion of the Banking and Finance Systems&lt;/i&gt;. Willey, p.123. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471834505" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-471-83450-5&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Asia+in+Crisis%3A+The+Implosion+of+the+Banking+and+Finance+Systems&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Delhaise&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Philippe+F.&amp;amp;rft.date=1998&amp;amp;rft.pub=Willey&amp;amp;rft.pages=p.123"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-29"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-29" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Jonathan Pincus and Rizal Ramli (1998). "&lt;a href="http://cje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/6/723" class="external text" title="http://cje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/6/723" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia: from showcase to basket case&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Cambridge Journal of Economics&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;22&lt;/b&gt; (6): 723–734. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;span class="neverexpand"&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fcje%2F22.6.723" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fcje%2F22.6.723" rel="nofollow"&gt;10.1093/cje/22.6.723&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Indonesia%3A+from+showcase+to+basket+case&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Journal+of+Economics&amp;amp;rft.date=1998&amp;amp;rft.volume=22&amp;amp;rft.issue=6&amp;amp;rft.au=Jonathan+Pincus+and+Rizal+Ramli&amp;amp;rft.pages=723%E2%80%93734&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fcje%2F22.6.723&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcje.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F22%2F6%2F723"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-30"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-30" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/indonesia/latest_news/97848.stm" class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/indonesia/latest_news/97848.stm" rel="nofollow"&gt;President Suharto resigns&lt;/a&gt;", &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC"&gt;BBC&lt;/a&gt; (21 May 1998)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on 2006-11-12&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.title=President+Suharto+resigns&amp;amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fevents%2Findonesia%2Flatest_news%2F97848.stm&amp;amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BBBC%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=21+May+1998"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-31"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-31" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Burr, W.; Evans, M.L. (6 December 2001). "&lt;a href="http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB62/" class="external text" title="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB62/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Ford and Kissinger Gave Green Light to Indonesia's Invasion of East Timor, 1975: New Documents Detail Conversations with Suharto&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 62&lt;/i&gt;.  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive"&gt;National Security Archive&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George_Washington_University" title="The George Washington University"&gt;The George Washington University&lt;/a&gt;, Washington, DC. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_17" title="September 17"&gt;09-17&lt;/a&gt;.; "&lt;a href="http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2002/13873.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2002/13873.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;International Religious Freedom Report&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor&lt;/i&gt;.  U.S. Department of State (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" title="2002"&gt;2002&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_17" title="October 17"&gt;10-17&lt;/a&gt;). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_29" title="September 29"&gt;09-29&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-32"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-32" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Robert W. Hefner (2000). "&lt;a href="http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/csrpl/RINVol3No1/east_timor.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/csrpl/RINVol3No1/east_timor.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Religious Ironies in East Timor&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Religion in the News&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;3&lt;/b&gt; (1)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_12" title="December 12"&gt;12-12&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Religious+Ironies+in+East+Timor&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Religion+in+the+News&amp;amp;rft.date=2000&amp;amp;rft.volume=3&amp;amp;rft.issue=1&amp;amp;rft.au=Robert+W.+Hefner&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trincoll.edu%2Fdepts%2Fcsrpl%2FRINVol3No1%2Feast_timor.htm"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-33"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-33" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4151980.stm" class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4151980.stm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Aceh rebels sign peace agreement&lt;/a&gt;", &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC"&gt;BBC&lt;/a&gt; (15 August 2005)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on 2006-12-12&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.title=Aceh+rebels+sign+peace+agreement&amp;amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F4151980.stm&amp;amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BBBC%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=15+August+2005"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-34"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-34" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; In 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Harijanti2006-35"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-Harijanti2006_35-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-Harijanti2006_35-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Susi Dwi Harijanti and Tim Lindsey (2006). "Indonesia: General elections test the amended Constitution and the new Constitutional Court". &lt;i&gt;International Journal of Constitutional Law&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;4&lt;/b&gt; (1): 138–150. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;span class="neverexpand"&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmoi055" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmoi055" rel="nofollow"&gt;10.1093/icon/moi055&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Indonesia%3A+General+elections+test+the+amended+Constitution+and+the+new+Constitutional+Court&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Constitutional+Law&amp;amp;rft.date=2006&amp;amp;rft.volume=4&amp;amp;rft.issue=1&amp;amp;rft.au=Susi+Dwi+Harijanti+and+Tim+Lindsey&amp;amp;rft.pages=138%E2%80%93150&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmoi055"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-36"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-36" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center"&gt;The Carter Center&lt;/a&gt;. "&lt;a href="http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/2161.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/2161.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;The Carter Center 2004 Indonesia Election Report&lt;/a&gt;" (PDF). &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_release" title="News release"&gt;Press release&lt;/a&gt;.  Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_13" title="December 13"&gt;12-13&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-37"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-37" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; _ (2002), &lt;i&gt;The fourth Amendment of 1945 Indonesia Constitution&lt;/i&gt;, Chapter III – The Executive Power, Art. 7.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-38"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-38" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);"&gt;(Indonesian)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly"&gt;People's Consultative Assembly (MPR-RI)&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mpr.go.id/pdf/ketetapan/putusan%20MPRRI%202000.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.mpr.go.id/pdf/ketetapan/putusan%20MPRRI%202000.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;Ketetapan MPR-RI Nomor II/MPR/2000 tentang Perubahan Kedua Peraturan Tata Tertib Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (PDF)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on 2006-11-07&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Ketetapan+MPR-RI+Nomor+II%2FMPR%2F2000+tentang+Perubahan+Kedua+Peraturan+Tata+Tertib+Majelis+Permusyawaratan+Rakyat+Republik+Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.au=People%27s+Consultative+Assembly+%28MPR-RI%29&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpr.go.id%2Fpdf%2Fketetapan%2Fputusan%2520MPRRI%25202000.pdf"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-39"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-39" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Reforms include total control of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute" title="Statute"&gt;statutes&lt;/a&gt; production without executive branch interventions; all members are now elected (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserved_political_positions" title="Reserved political positions"&gt;reserved seats&lt;/a&gt; for military representatives have now been removed); and the introduction of fundamental rights exclusive to the DPR. (see Harijanti and Lindsey 2006)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-40"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-40" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Based on the 2001 constitution amendment, the DPD comprises four popularly elected &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-partisan" title="Non-partisan" class="mw-redirect"&gt;non-partisan&lt;/a&gt; members from each of the thirty-three provinces for national political representation. &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly"&gt;People's Consultative Assembly (MPR-RI)&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.gtzsfdm.or.id/documents/laws_n_regs/con_decree/3_AmdUUD45_eng.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.gtzsfdm.or.id/documents/laws_n_regs/con_decree/3_AmdUUD45_eng.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;Third Amendment to the 1945 Constitution of The Republic of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (PDF)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on 2006-12-13&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Third+Amendment+to+the+1945+Constitution+of+The+Republic+of+Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.au=People%27s+Consultative+Assembly+%28MPR-RI%29&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gtzsfdm.or.id%2Fdocuments%2Flaws_n_regs%2Fcon_decree%2F3_AmdUUD45_eng.pdf"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-USCONGRESS-41"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-USCONGRESS_41-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-USCONGRESS_41-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; "&lt;a href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Indonesia.pdf" class="external text" title="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Indonesia.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;Country Profile: Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;" (PDF).  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress"&gt;U.S Library of Congress&lt;/a&gt; (December 2004). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_9" title="December 9"&gt;12-09&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-42"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-42" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/97.htm" class="external text" title="http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/97.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia - Foreign Policy&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;U.S. Library of Congress&lt;/i&gt;.  U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_5" title="May 5"&gt;05-05&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-USSTATE-43"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-USSTATE_43-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-USSTATE_43-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-USSTATE_43-2" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2748.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2748.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Background Note: Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;U.S. Library of Congress&lt;/i&gt;.  U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_5" title="May 5"&gt;05-05&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-44"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-44" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Indonesia temporarily withdrew from the UN on 20 January 1965 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia-Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation" class="mw-redirect"&gt;in response&lt;/a&gt; to the fact that Malaysia was elected as a non-permanent member of the Security Council. It announced its intention to "resume full cooperation with the United Nations and to resume participation in its activities" on 19 September 1966, and was invited to re-join the UN on 28 September 1966.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-45"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-45" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Chris Wilson (11 October 2001). "&lt;a href="http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/CIB/2001-02/02cib06.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/CIB/2001-02/02cib06.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia and Transnational Terrorism&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade Group&lt;/i&gt;.  Parliament of Australia. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_15" title="October 15"&gt;10-15&lt;/a&gt;.; Reyko Huang (23 May 2002). "&lt;a href="http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/priority.cfm" class="external text" title="http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/priority.cfm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Priority Dilemmas: U.S. - Indonesia Military Relations in the Anti Terror War&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Terrorism Project&lt;/i&gt;.  Center for Defense Information.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-46"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-46" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/war-on-terror/services-to-honour-victims-of-2002-bali-bombing/2005/10/12/1128796537208.html" class="external text" title="http://www.theage.com.au/news/war-on-terror/services-to-honour-victims-of-2002-bali-bombing/2005/10/12/1128796537208.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Commemoration of 3rd anniversary of bombings&lt;/a&gt;", &lt;i&gt;AAP&lt;/i&gt;, The Age Newspaper (10 December 2006).&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.title=Commemoration+of+3rd+anniversary+of+bombings&amp;amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fwar-on-terror%2Fservices-to-honour-victims-of-2002-bali-bombing%2F2005%2F10%2F12%2F1128796537208.html&amp;amp;rft.source=AAP&amp;amp;rft.publisher=The+Age+Newspaper&amp;amp;rft.date=10+December+2006"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-47"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-47" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; US Embassy, Jakarta (10 May 2005). "&lt;a href="http://www.usembassyjakarta.org/news/trv_warning02.html" class="external text" title="http://www.usembassyjakarta.org/news/trv_warning02.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Travel Warning: Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_release" title="News release"&gt;Press release&lt;/a&gt;.  Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_26" title="December 26"&gt;12-26&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-48"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-48" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Chew, Amy (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" title="2002"&gt;2002&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_7" title="July 7"&gt;07-07&lt;/a&gt;). "&lt;a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/07/05/indonesia.sutarto/index.html" class="external text" title="http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/07/05/indonesia.sutarto/index.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia military regains ground&lt;/a&gt;", CNN Asia&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on 2007-04-24&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Amy&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Chew&amp;amp;rft.title=Indonesia+military+regains+ground&amp;amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2002%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2Fsoutheast%2F07%2F05%2Findonesia.sutarto%2Findex.html&amp;amp;rft.publisher=CNN+Asia&amp;amp;rft.date=%5B%5B2002-07-07%5D%5D"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-49"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-49" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Witular, Rendi A. (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" title="2005"&gt;2005&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19" title="May 19"&gt;05-19&lt;/a&gt;). "&lt;a href="http://www.etan.org/et2005/may/22/19susilo.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.etan.org/et2005/may/22/19susilo.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Susilo Approves Additional Military Funding&lt;/a&gt;" (in English), The Jakarta Post&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on 2007-04-24&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Rendi+A.&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Witular&amp;amp;rft.title=Susilo+Approves+Additional+Military+Funding&amp;amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etan.org%2Fet2005%2Fmay%2F22%2F19susilo.htm&amp;amp;rft.publisher=The+Jakarta+Post&amp;amp;rft.date=%5B%5B2005-05-19%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.language=English"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-50"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-50" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Friend (2003), pages 473–475, 484&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-51"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-51" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Friend (2003), pages 270–273, 477–480; "&lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3809079.stm" class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3809079.stm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia flashpoints: Aceh&lt;/a&gt;", &lt;i&gt;BBC News&lt;/i&gt;, BBC (29 December 2005)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on 2007-05-20&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.title=Indonesia+flashpoints%3A+Aceh&amp;amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F3809079.stm&amp;amp;rft.source=BBC+News&amp;amp;rft.publisher=BBC&amp;amp;rft.date=29+December+2005"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-52"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-52" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4690293.stm" class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4690293.stm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia agrees Aceh peace deal&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;BBC News&lt;/i&gt;.  BBC (17 July 2005). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_20" title="May 20"&gt;05-20&lt;/a&gt;.; "&lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4257944.stm" class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4257944.stm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia starts Aceh withdrawal&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;BBC News&lt;/i&gt;.  BBC (18 September 2005). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_20" title="May 20"&gt;05-20&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-53"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-53" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Lateline&lt;/i&gt; TV Current Affairs (20 April 2006). "&lt;a href="http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2006/s1620483.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2006/s1620483.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Sidney Jones on South East Asian conflicts&lt;/a&gt;", &lt;i&gt;TV Program transcript, Interview with South East Asia director of the International Crisis Group&lt;/i&gt;, Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC).&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.aulast=%27%27Lateline%27%27+TV+Current+Affairs&amp;amp;rft.title=Sidney+Jones+on+South+East+Asian+conflicts&amp;amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Flateline%2Fcontent%2F2006%2Fs1620483.htm&amp;amp;rft.source=TV+Program+transcript%2C+Interview+with+South+East+Asia+director+of+the+International+Crisis+Group&amp;amp;rft.publisher=Australian+Broadcasting+Commission+%28ABC%29&amp;amp;rft.date=20+April+2006"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;International Crisis Group (5 September 2006). "&lt;a href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/indonesia/b53_papua_answers_to_frequently_asked_questions.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/asia/indonesia/b53_papua_answers_to_frequently_asked_questions.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;Papua: Answer to Frequently Asked Questions&lt;/a&gt;" (PDF). &lt;i&gt;Update Briefing&lt;/i&gt; (No. 53): 1. International Crisis Group&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_17" title="September 17"&gt;09-17&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Papua%3A+Answer+to+Frequently+Asked+Questions&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Update+Briefing&amp;amp;rft.date=5+September+2006&amp;amp;rft.issue=No.+53&amp;amp;rft.aulast=International+Crisis+Group&amp;amp;rft.pages=1&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Flibrary%2Fdocuments%2Fasia%2Findonesia%2Fb53_papua_answers_to_frequently_asked_questions.pdf"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-54"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-54" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Michelle Ann Miller (2004). "&lt;a href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/caet/2004/00000005/00000003/art00005" class="external text" title="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/caet/2004/00000005/00000003/art00005" rel="nofollow"&gt;The Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam law: a serious response to Acehnese separatism?&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Asian Ethnicity&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;5&lt;/b&gt; (3): 333–351. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier"&gt;doi&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;span class="neverexpand"&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F1463136042000259789" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F1463136042000259789" rel="nofollow"&gt;10.1080/1463136042000259789&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=The+Nanggroe+Aceh+Darussalam+law%3A+a+serious+response+to+Acehnese+separatism%3F&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Asian+Ethnicity&amp;amp;rft.date=2004&amp;amp;rft.volume=5&amp;amp;rft.issue=3&amp;amp;rft.au=Michelle+Ann+Miller&amp;amp;rft.pages=333%26ndash%3B351&amp;amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F1463136042000259789&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Froutledg%2Fcaet%2F2004%2F00000005%2F00000003%2Fart00005"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-55"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-55" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; The positions of governor and its vice governor are prioritized for descendants of the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_of_Yogyakarta" title="Sultan of Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Sultan of Yogyakarta&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakualaman" title="Pakualaman"&gt;Paku Alam&lt;/a&gt;, respectively, much like a &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate" title="Sultanate" class="mw-redirect"&gt;sultanate&lt;/a&gt;. (Elucidation on the Indonesia Law No. 22/1999 Regarding Regional Governance. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" title="People's Representative Council"&gt;People's Representative Council&lt;/a&gt; (1999). Chapter XIV Other Provisions, Art. 122; &lt;span class="PDFlink"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.gtzsfdm.or.id/documents/archive/Law5_1974.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.gtzsfdm.or.id/documents/archive/Law5_1974.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia Law No. 5/1974 Concerning Basic Principles on Administration in the Region&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: smaller;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format"&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt; (146 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte" title="Kibibyte"&gt;KiB&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;i&gt;translated version&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia"&gt;The President of Republic of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt; (1974). Chapter VII Transitional Provisions, Art. 91&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-56"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-56" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; As part of the autonomy package was the introduction of the Papuan People's Council tasked with arbitration and speaking on behalf of Papuan tribal customs, however, the implementation of the autonomy measures has been criticized as half-hearted and incomplete. Dursin, Richel; Kafil Yamin (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004"&gt;2004&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_18" title="November 18"&gt;11-18&lt;/a&gt;). "&lt;a href="http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Another Fine Mess in Papua&lt;/a&gt;", &lt;i&gt;Editorial&lt;/i&gt;, The Jakarta Post&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on 2006-10-05&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Richel&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Dursin&amp;amp;rft.title=Another+Fine+Mess+in+Papua&amp;amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infid.be%2Fpapua_mess.htm&amp;amp;rft.source=Editorial&amp;amp;rft.publisher=The+Jakarta+Post&amp;amp;rft.date=2004-11-18"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; "&lt;a href="http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm#Papua%20Chronology%20Confusing%20Signals%20from%20Jakarta" class="external text" title="http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm#Papua%20Chronology%20Confusing%20Signals%20from%20Jakarta" rel="nofollow"&gt;Papua Chronology Confusing Signals from Jakarta&lt;/a&gt;", The Jakarta Post (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004"&gt;2004&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_18" title="November 18"&gt;11-18&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on 2006-10-05&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.title=Papua+Chronology+Confusing+Signals+from+Jakarta&amp;amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infid.be%2Fpapua_mess.htm%23Papua%2520Chronology%2520Confusing%2520Signals%2520from%2520Jakarta&amp;amp;rft.publisher=The+Jakarta+Post&amp;amp;rft.date=2004-11-18"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-57"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-57" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund"&gt;International Monetary Fund&lt;/a&gt; (April 2006). "&lt;a href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcoutm.cfm?SD=2005&amp;amp;ED=2005&amp;amp;R1=1&amp;amp;R2=1&amp;amp;CS=3&amp;amp;SS=2&amp;amp;OS=C&amp;amp;DD=0&amp;amp;OUT=1&amp;amp;C=536&amp;amp;S=PPPWGT-PPPPC&amp;amp;RequestTimeout=120&amp;amp;CMP=0&amp;amp;x=45&amp;amp;y=5" class="external text" title="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcoutm.cfm?SD=2005&amp;amp;ED=2005&amp;amp;R1=1&amp;amp;R2=1&amp;amp;CS=3&amp;amp;SS=2&amp;amp;OS=C&amp;amp;DD=0&amp;amp;OUT=1&amp;amp;C=536&amp;amp;S=PPPWGT-PPPPC&amp;amp;RequestTimeout=120&amp;amp;CMP=0&amp;amp;x=45&amp;amp;y=5" rel="nofollow"&gt;Estimate World Economic Outlook Database&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_release" title="News release"&gt;Press release&lt;/a&gt;.  Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_5" title="October 5"&gt;10-05&lt;/a&gt;.; "&lt;a href="http://www.indonext.com/Regions/" class="external text" title="http://www.indonext.com/Regions/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia Regions&lt;/a&gt;".  Indonesia Business Directory. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_24" title="April 24"&gt;04-24&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-58"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-58" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Witton-2003"&gt;Witton, Patrick (2003). &lt;i&gt;Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;. Melbourne: Lonely Planet, pp.139, 181, 251, 435. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1740591542" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 1-74059-154-2&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Witton&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&amp;amp;rft.place=Melbourne&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.139%2C+181%2C+251%2C+435&amp;amp;rft.isbn=1-74059-154-2"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-ciarank-59"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-ciarank_59-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Central Intelligence Agency (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_17" title="October 17"&gt;10-17&lt;/a&gt;). "&lt;a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html" class="external text" title="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Rank Order Area&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;The World Factbook&lt;/i&gt;.  US &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA" title="CIA" class="mw-redirect"&gt;CIA&lt;/a&gt;, Washington, DC. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_3" title="November 3"&gt;11-03&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-60"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-60" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/geography/population_density_2006_1.html" class="external text" title="http://www.photius.com/rankings/geography/population_density_2006_1.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Population density - Persons per km² 2006&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;CIA world factbook&lt;/i&gt;.  Photius Coutsoukis (2006). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_4" title="October 4"&gt;10-04&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-JOSHUA-61"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-JOSHUA_61-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Calder, Joshua (3 May 2006). "&lt;a href="http://www.worldislandinfo.com/POPULATV2.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.worldislandinfo.com/POPULATV2.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Most Populous Islands&lt;/a&gt;".  World Island Information. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_26" title="September 26"&gt;09-26&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-62"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-62" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573214/Republic_of_Indonesia.html#s4" class="external text" title="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573214/Republic_of_Indonesia.html#s4" rel="nofollow"&gt;Republic of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Encarta&lt;/i&gt;.  Microsoft (2006).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-63"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-63" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=06&amp;amp;rpage=list" class="external text" title="http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=06&amp;amp;rpage=list" rel="nofollow"&gt;Volcanoes of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Global Volcanism Program&lt;/i&gt;.  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution"&gt;Smithsonian Institution&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_25" title="March 25"&gt;03-25&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-64"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-64" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070519133441/http://www.tsunamispecialenvoy.org/country/humantoll.asp" class="external text" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20070519133441/http://www.tsunamispecialenvoy.org/country/humantoll.asp" rel="nofollow"&gt;The Human Toll&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery&lt;/i&gt;.  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"&gt;United Nations&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_25" title="March 25"&gt;03-25&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-65"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-65" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Whitten-1996"&gt;Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E., Suraya A. A. (1996). &lt;i&gt;The Ecology of Java and Bali&lt;/i&gt;. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd, 95–97.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Java+and+Bali&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Whitten&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=T&amp;amp;rft.date=1996&amp;amp;rft.pub=Periplus+Editions+Ltd&amp;amp;rft.place=Hong+Kong&amp;amp;rft.pages=95%E2%80%9397"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-66"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-66" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.ui.ac.id/english/menu_statis.php?id=c6&amp;amp;hal=c_about_jkt" class="external text" title="http://www.ui.ac.id/english/menu_statis.php?id=c6&amp;amp;hal=c_about_jkt" rel="nofollow"&gt;About Jakarta And Depok&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;University of Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;.  University of Indonesia. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_24" title="April 24"&gt;04-24&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-LESTER-67"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-LESTER_67-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Lester-and_1997"&gt;Lester, Brown, R (and 1997). &lt;i&gt;State of the World 1997: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society (14th edition)&lt;/i&gt;. New York: W. W. Norton &amp;amp; Company, page 7. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393040089" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0393040089&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=State+of+the+World+1997%3A+A+Worldwatch+Institute+Report+on+Progress+Toward+a+Sustainable+Society+%2814th+edition%29&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Lester&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Brown%2C+R&amp;amp;rft.date=and+1997&amp;amp;rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;amp;rft.pages=page+7&amp;amp;rft.isbn=0393040089"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-68"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-68" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.islamonline.net/English/Science/2003/05/article13.shtml" class="external text" title="http://www.islamonline.net/English/Science/2003/05/article13.shtml" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia's Natural Wealth: The Right of a Nation and Her People&lt;/a&gt;".  Islam Online (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003" title="2003"&gt;2003&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_22" title="May 22"&gt;05-22&lt;/a&gt;). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_6" title="October 6"&gt;10-06&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-69"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-69" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/country.cfm?Country=ID" class="external text" title="http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/country.cfm?Country=ID" rel="nofollow"&gt;Globalis-Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Globalis, an interactive world map&lt;/i&gt;.  Global Virtual University. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_14" title="May 14"&gt;05-14&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-70"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-70" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Whitten-1996"&gt;Whitten, T.; Henderson, G., Mustafa, M. (1996). &lt;i&gt;The Ecology of Sulawesi&lt;/i&gt;. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd.. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9625930752" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 962-593-075-2&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Sulawesi&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Whitten&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;amp;rft.date=1996&amp;amp;rft.pub=Periplus+Editions+Ltd.&amp;amp;rft.place=Hong+Kong"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Monk.2C-1996"&gt;Monk,, K.A.; Fretes, Y., Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996). &lt;i&gt;The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku&lt;/i&gt;. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd.. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9625930760" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 962-593-076-0&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Nusa+Tenggara+and+Maluku&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Monk%2C&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=K.A.&amp;amp;rft.date=1996&amp;amp;rft.pub=Periplus+Editions+Ltd.&amp;amp;rft.place=Hong+Kong"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-71"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-71" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.geographia.com/indonesia/indono02.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.geographia.com/indonesia/indono02.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;".  InterKnowledge Corp.. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_6" title="October 6"&gt;10-06&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-72"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-72" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/468283.html" class="external text" title="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/468283.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Lambertini, A Naturalist's Guide to the Tropics, excerpt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Severin-73"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-Severin_73-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-Severin_73-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Severin-1997"&gt;Severin, Tim (1997). &lt;i&gt;The Spice Island Voyage: In Search of Wallace&lt;/i&gt;. Great Britain: Abacus Travel. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0349110409" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-349-11040-9&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Spice+Island+Voyage%3A+In+Search+of+Wallace&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Severin&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;amp;rft.date=1997&amp;amp;rft.pub=Abacus+Travel&amp;amp;rft.place=Great+Britain"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-74"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-74" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Wallace, A.R. (2000 (originally 1869)). &lt;i&gt;The Malay Archipelago&lt;/i&gt;. Periplus Editions. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9625936459" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 962-593-645-9&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Malay+Archipelago&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Wallace&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=A.R.&amp;amp;rft.date=2000+%28originally+1869%29&amp;amp;rft.pub=Periplus+Editions"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-forestprob-75"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-forestprob_75-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-forestprob_75-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Jason R. Miller (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997" title="1997"&gt;1997&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_30" title="January 30"&gt;01-30&lt;/a&gt;). "&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.american.edu/TED/orang.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.american.edu/TED/orang.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Deforestation in Indonesia and the Orangutan Population&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;".  TED Case Studies. &lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14" title="August 14"&gt;08-14&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-76"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-76" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Massicot, Paul. "&lt;a href="http://www.animalinfo.org/country/indones.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.animalinfo.org/country/indones.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Animal Info - Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;".  Animal Info - Information on Endangered Mammals. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14" title="August 14"&gt;08-14&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-IMF_TOTAL-77"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-IMF_TOTAL_77-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/data/weorept.aspx?sy=2004&amp;amp;ey=2008&amp;amp;scsm=1&amp;amp;ssd=1&amp;amp;sort=country&amp;amp;ds=.&amp;amp;br=1&amp;amp;pr1.x=38&amp;amp;pr1.y=14&amp;amp;c=536&amp;amp;s=NGDPD%2CPPPWGT&amp;amp;grp=0&amp;amp;a=" class="external text" title="http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/data/weorept.aspx?sy=2004&amp;amp;ey=2008&amp;amp;scsm=1&amp;amp;ssd=1&amp;amp;sort=country&amp;amp;ds=.&amp;amp;br=1&amp;amp;pr1.x=38&amp;amp;pr1.y=14&amp;amp;c=536&amp;amp;s=NGDPD%2CPPPWGT&amp;amp;grp=0&amp;amp;a=" rel="nofollow"&gt;Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (GDP)&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;World Economic Outlook Database, April 2007&lt;/i&gt;.  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund"&gt;International Monetary Fund&lt;/a&gt; (2007). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_9" title="August 9"&gt;08-09&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-78"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-78" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/data/weorept.aspx?sy=2004&amp;amp;ey=2008&amp;amp;scsm=1&amp;amp;ssd=1&amp;amp;sort=country&amp;amp;ds=.&amp;amp;br=1&amp;amp;c=536&amp;amp;s=NGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;amp;grp=0&amp;amp;a=&amp;amp;pr1.x=62&amp;amp;pr1.y=5" class="external text" title="http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/data/weorept.aspx?sy=2004&amp;amp;ey=2008&amp;amp;scsm=1&amp;amp;ssd=1&amp;amp;sort=country&amp;amp;ds=.&amp;amp;br=1&amp;amp;c=536&amp;amp;s=NGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;amp;grp=0&amp;amp;a=&amp;amp;pr1.x=62&amp;amp;pr1.y=5" rel="nofollow"&gt;Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (GDP per capita)&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;World Economic Outlook Database, April 2007&lt;/i&gt;.  International Monetary Fund (April 2007). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_9" title="August 9"&gt;08-09&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-79"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-79" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.unescap.org/stat/sos1/sos1_indonesia.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.unescap.org/stat/sos1/sos1_indonesia.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;Official Statistics and its Development in Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;" (PDF). &lt;i&gt;Sub Committee on Statistics: First Session 18–20 February 2004&lt;/i&gt;.  Economic and Social Commission for Asia &amp;amp; the Pacific.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-80"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-80" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/idn_aag.pdf" class="external text" title="http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/idn_aag.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia at a Glance&lt;/a&gt;" (PDF). &lt;i&gt;Indonesia Development Indicators and Data&lt;/i&gt;.  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank"&gt;World Bank&lt;/a&gt; (13 August 2006).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-indoCIA-81"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-indoCIA_81-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-indoCIA_81-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-indoCIA_81-2" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; [&lt;a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html" class="external text" title="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;] - &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook"&gt;The World Factbook&lt;/a&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_14" title="August 14"&gt;08-14&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-82"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-82" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; By the time of Sukarno's downfall in the mid-1960s, the economy was in chaos with 1,000% annual &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation"&gt;inflation&lt;/a&gt;, shrinking export revenues, crumbling infrastructure, factories operating at minimal capacity, and negligible &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment#Economics" title="Investment"&gt;investment&lt;/a&gt;. Schwarz (1994), pages 52–57&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-SCHWARZ-83"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-SCHWARZ_83-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Schwarz (1994), pages 52–57&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-84"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-84" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; averaging over 7% from 1968 to 1981. Schwarz (1994), pages 52–57&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-85"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-85" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Following a slowing of growth in the 1980s, due to over regulation and dependence on declining oil prices, growth slowed to an average of 4.3% per annum between 1981 and 1988. A range of economic reforms were introduced in the late 1980s. Reforms included a managed devaluation of the rupiah to improve export competitiveness, and de-regulation of the financial sector (Schwarz (1994), pages 52–57).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-86"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-86" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Schwarz (1994), pages 52–57; "&lt;a href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20095968%7EpagePK:141137%7EpiPK:141127%7EtheSitePK:226309,00.html" class="external text" title="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20095968~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:226309,00.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia: Country Brief&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Indonesia: Key Development Data &amp;amp; Statistics&lt;/i&gt;.  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Bank" title="The World Bank" class="mw-redirect"&gt;The World Bank&lt;/a&gt; (September 2006).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-CountryBrief-87"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-CountryBrief_87-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20095968%7EpagePK:141137%7EpiPK:141127%7EtheSitePK:226309,00.html" class="external text" title="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20095968~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:226309,00.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia: Country Brief&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Indonesia:Key Development Data &amp;amp; Statistics&lt;/i&gt;.  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Bank" title="The World Bank" class="mw-redirect"&gt;The World Bank&lt;/a&gt; (September 2006).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-88"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-88" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Guerin, G. (23 May 2006). "&lt;a href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HE23Ae01.html" class="external text" title="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HE23Ae01.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Don't count on a Suharto accounting&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Asia Tims Online&lt;/i&gt;. Asia Times Online Ltd, Hong Kong.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Don%27t+count+on+a+Suharto+accounting&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Asia+Tims+Online&amp;amp;rft.date=23+May+2006&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Guerin&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FSoutheast_Asia%2FHE23Ae01.html"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;"&lt;a href="http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7925064" class="external text" title="http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7925064" rel="nofollow"&gt;Poverty in Indonesia: Always with them&lt;/a&gt;"  (14 September 2006). &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist"&gt;The Economist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_26" title="December 26"&gt;12-26&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Poverty+in+Indonesia%3A+Always+with+them&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Economist%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=14+September+2006&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D7925064"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;a href="http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8001604" class="external text" title="http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8001604" rel="nofollow"&gt;(subsequent correction)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-89"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-89" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index"&gt;Corruption Perceptions Index&lt;/a&gt;".  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International"&gt;Transparency International&lt;/a&gt; (2007). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_28" title="September 28"&gt;09-28&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-90"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-90" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.economist.com/countries/Indonesia/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-Forecast" class="external text" title="http://www.economist.com/countries/Indonesia/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-Forecast" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia: Forecast&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Country Briefings&lt;/i&gt;.  &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist"&gt;The Economist&lt;/a&gt; (3 October 2006).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-91"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-91" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;"&lt;a href="http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7925064" class="external text" title="http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7925064" rel="nofollow"&gt;Poverty in Indonesia: Always with them&lt;/a&gt;"  (14 September 2006). &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist"&gt;The Economist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_26" title="December 26"&gt;12-26&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Poverty+in+Indonesia%3A+Always+with+them&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Economist%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=14+September+2006&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D7925064"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8001604" class="external text" title="http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8001604" rel="nofollow"&gt;(subsequent correction)&lt;/a&gt;; Ridwan Max Sijabat (23 March 2007). "&lt;a href="http://www.thejakartapost.com/review/nat05.asp" class="external text" title="http://www.thejakartapost.com/review/nat05.asp" rel="nofollow"&gt;Unemployment still blighting the Indonesian landscape&lt;/a&gt;", &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post" title="The Jakarta Post"&gt;The Jakarta Post&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.au=Ridwan+Max+Sijabat&amp;amp;rft.title=Unemployment+still+blighting+the+Indonesian+landscape&amp;amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Freview%2Fnat05.asp&amp;amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BThe+Jakarta+Post%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=23+March+2007"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-92"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-92" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; In 2005, the Government was forced to reduce its large subsidies on fuel prices drastically as international &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_price_increases_since_2003" title="Oil price increases since 2003" class="mw-redirect"&gt;oil prices climbed&lt;/a&gt;, which was a major contributor to inflation and hardship. &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;"&lt;a href="http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7925064" class="external text" title="http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7925064" rel="nofollow"&gt;Poverty in Indonesia: Always with them&lt;/a&gt;"  (14 September 2006). &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist"&gt;The Economist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_26" title="December 26"&gt;12-26&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Poverty+in+Indonesia%3A+Always+with+them&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Economist%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=14+September+2006&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D7925064"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-93"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-93" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank"&gt;World Bank&lt;/a&gt;. "&lt;a href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/280016-1152870963030/2753486-1165385030085/Overview_standalone_en.pdf" class="external text" title="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/Publication/280016-1152870963030/2753486-1165385030085/Overview_standalone_en.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;Making the New Indonesia Work for the Poor - Overview&lt;/a&gt;" (PDF). &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_release" title="News release"&gt;Press release&lt;/a&gt;.  Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_26" title="December 26"&gt;12-26&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-94"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-94" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau (2 December 2008). "&lt;a href="http://www.bps.go.id/leaflet/leaflet-desember-07-ind.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.bps.go.id/leaflet/leaflet-desember-07-ind.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;Beberapa Indikator Penting Mengenai Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;" (PDF) (in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language"&gt;Indonesian&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_release" title="News release"&gt;Press release&lt;/a&gt;.  Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"&gt;2008&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_18" title="March 18"&gt;03-18&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-bps2000-95"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-bps2000_95-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau (30 June 2000). "&lt;a href="http://www.bps.go.id/sector/population/pop2000.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.bps.go.id/sector/population/pop2000.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;2000 Population Statistics&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_release" title="News release"&gt;Press release&lt;/a&gt;.  Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_5" title="October 5"&gt;10-05&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-96"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-autogenerated1_96-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau (1 September 2006). "&lt;a href="http://www.bps.go.id/releases/files/kemiskinan-01sep06.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.bps.go.id/releases/files/kemiskinan-01sep06.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;Tingkat Kemiskinan di Indonesia Tahun 2005–2006&lt;/a&gt;" (PDF) (in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language"&gt;Indonesian&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_release" title="News release"&gt;Press release&lt;/a&gt;.  Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_26" title="September 26"&gt;09-26&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-97"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-97" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Calder, Joshua (3 May 2006). "&lt;a href="http://www.worldislandinfo.com/POPULATV2.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.worldislandinfo.com/POPULATV2.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Most Populous Islands&lt;/a&gt;".  World Island Information. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_26" title="September 26"&gt;09-26&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-98"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-98" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Witton-2003"&gt;Witton, Patrick (2003). &lt;i&gt;Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;. Melbourne: Lonely Planet, p. 47. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1740591542" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 1-74059-154-2&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Witton&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&amp;amp;rft.place=Melbourne&amp;amp;rft.pages=p.+47&amp;amp;rft.isbn=1-74059-154-2"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-99"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-99" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Taylor (2003), pages 5–7, &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Dawson-1994"&gt;Dawson, B.; Gillow, J. (1994). &lt;i&gt;The Traditional Architecture of Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, page 7. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/050034132X" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-500-34132-X&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=The+Traditional+Architecture+of+Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Dawson&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;amp;rft.date=1994&amp;amp;rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson+Ltd&amp;amp;rft.place=London&amp;amp;rft.pages=page+7"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Witton-2003"&gt;Witton, Patrick (2003). &lt;i&gt;Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;. Melbourne: Lonely Planet, pp.139, 181, 251, 435. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1740591542" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 1-74059-154-2&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Witton&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&amp;amp;rft.place=Melbourne&amp;amp;rft.pages=pp.139%2C+181%2C+251%2C+435&amp;amp;rft.isbn=1-74059-154-2"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-100"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-100" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.expat.or.id/info/overview.html" class="external text" title="http://www.expat.or.id/info/overview.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;An Overview of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Living in Indonesia, A Site for Expatriates&lt;/i&gt;.  Expat Web Site Association. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_5" title="October 5"&gt;10-05&lt;/a&gt;.; Merdekawaty, E. (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_6" title="July 6"&gt;07-06&lt;/a&gt;). "&lt;a href="http://www.languagestudies.unibz.it/Bahasa%20Indonesia_Merdekawaty.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.languagestudies.unibz.it/Bahasa%20Indonesia_Merdekawaty.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;"Bahasa Indonesia" and languages of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;" (PDF). &lt;i&gt;UNIBZ - Introduction to Linguistics&lt;/i&gt;.  Free University of Bozen. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_17" title="July 17"&gt;07-17&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-101"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-101" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Kingsbury, Damien. &lt;i&gt;Autonomy and Disintegration in Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;. Routledge, 131. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415297370" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-415-29737-0&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Autonomy+and+Disintegration+in+Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Kingsbury&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Damien&amp;amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;amp;rft.pages=131"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-102"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-102" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Small but significant populations of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese"&gt;ethnic Chinese&lt;/a&gt;, Indians, Europeans and Arabs are concentrated mostly in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area"&gt;urban areas&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-RICKLEFS_256-103"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-RICKLEFS_256_103-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Ricklefs (1991), page 256&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-104"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-104" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Domestic migration (including the official &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmigrasi" title="Transmigrasi" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Transmigrasi&lt;/a&gt; program) are a cause of violence such as the massacre of hundreds of Madurese by a local &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people"&gt;Dayak&lt;/a&gt; community in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan"&gt;West Kalimantan&lt;/a&gt;, and conflicts in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku" title="Maluku" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Maluku&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi_Tengah" title="Sulawesi Tengah" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Central Sulawesi&lt;/a&gt;, and parts of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_%28Indonesian_province%29" title="Papua (Indonesian province)"&gt;Papua&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papua_%28province%29" title="West Papua (province)" class="mw-redirect"&gt;West Papua&lt;/a&gt; T.N. Pudjiastuti. "&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.iussp.org/Bangkok2002/S15Pudjiastuti.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.iussp.org/Bangkok2002/S15Pudjiastuti.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;Migration &amp;amp; Conflict in Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;" (PDF).  International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), Paris. &lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_17" title="September 17"&gt;09-17&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;; "&lt;a href="http://www.preventconflict.org/portal/main/maps_kalimantan_conflict.php" class="external text" title="http://www.preventconflict.org/portal/main/maps_kalimantan_conflict.php" rel="nofollow"&gt;Kalimantan The Conflict&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research&lt;/i&gt;.  Conflict Prevention Initiative, Harvard University. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_7" title="January 7"&gt;01-07&lt;/a&gt;.; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;J.W. Ajawaila; M.J. Papilaya; Tonny D. Pariela; F. Nahusona; G. Leasa; T. Soumokil; James Lalaun and W. R. Sihasale (1999). "&lt;a href="http://www.fica.org/h/ambon/idRusuh1.html" class="external text" title="http://www.fica.org/h/ambon/idRusuh1.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Proposal Pemecahan Masalah Kerusuhan di Ambon&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Report on Church and Human Rights Persecution in Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;, Ambon, Indonesia: Fica-Net. &lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_29" title="September 29"&gt;09-29&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=proceeding&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Report+on+Church+and+Human+Rights+Persecution+in+Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Proposal+Pemecahan+Masalah+Kerusuhan+di+Ambon&amp;amp;rft.au=J.W.+Ajawaila%3B+M.J.+Papilaya%3B+Tonny+D.+Pariela%3B+F.+Nahusona%3B+G.+Leasa%3B+T.+Soumokil%3B+James+Lalaun+and+W.+R.+Sihasale&amp;amp;rft.date=1999&amp;amp;rft.pub=Fica-Net&amp;amp;rft.place=Ambon%2C+Indonesia&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fica.org%2Fh%2Fambon%2FidRusuh1.html"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; Kyoto University: Sulawesi Kaken Team &amp;amp; Center for Southeast Asian Studies &lt;span class="PDFlink"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sulawesi.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/lib/pdf/MRidwanAlimuddin.pdf" class="external text" title="http://sulawesi.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/lib/pdf/MRidwanAlimuddin.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;Bugis Sailors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: smaller;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format"&gt;PDF&lt;/a&gt; (124 &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte" title="Kibibyte"&gt;KiB&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-105"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-105" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Schwarz (1994), pages 53, 80–81; Friend (2003), pages 85–87, 164–165, 233–237&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-106"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-106" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; M. F. Swasono (1997). "&lt;a href="http://ignca.nic.in/cd_05008.htm" class="external text" title="http://ignca.nic.in/cd_05008.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indigenous Cultures in the Development of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Integration of endogenous cultural dimension into development&lt;/i&gt;.  Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_17" title="September 17"&gt;09-17&lt;/a&gt;.; "&lt;a href="http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=4212" class="external text" title="http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=4212" rel="nofollow"&gt;The Overseas Chinese&lt;/a&gt;".  Prospect Magazine (9 April 1998). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_17" title="September 17"&gt;09-17&lt;/a&gt;. The &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Riots_of_May_1998" title="Jakarta Riots of May 1998" class="mw-redirect"&gt;riots in Jakarta in 1998&lt;/a&gt;—much of which were aimed at the Chinese—were, in part, expressions of this resentment. M. Ocorandi (28 May 1998). "&lt;a href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54b/083.html" class="external text" title="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54b/083.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;An Analysis of the Implication of Suharto's resignation for Chinese Indonesians&lt;/a&gt;".  Worldwide HuaRen Peace Mission. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_26" title="September 26"&gt;09-26&lt;/a&gt;.; F.H. Winarta (August 2004). "&lt;a href="http://ignca.nic.in/cd_05008.htm" class="external text" title="http://ignca.nic.in/cd_05008.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Belum Menjadi Kenyataan Menjelang HUT Kemerdekaan RI Ke-59&lt;/a&gt;" (in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language"&gt;Indonesian&lt;/a&gt;).  Komisi Hukum Nasional Republik Indonesia (National Law Commission, Republic of Indonesia), Jakarta.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-107"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-107" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://taalunieversum.org/en/dutch_worldwide/" class="external text" title="http://taalunieversum.org/en/dutch_worldwide/" rel="nofollow"&gt;taalunieversum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-108"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-108" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.us-asean.org/Indonesia/constitution.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.us-asean.org/Indonesia/constitution.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;US-ASEAN&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2" title="October 2"&gt;10-02&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-Yang-109"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-Yang_109-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Yang, Heriyanto (August 2005). "&lt;a href="http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2005/yang2005.pdf" class="external text" title="http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/mjr/pdf/2005/yang2005.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;The History and Legal Position of Confucianism in Post Independence Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;" (PDF). &lt;i&gt;Religion&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;10&lt;/b&gt; (1): 8&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2" title="October 2"&gt;10-02&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.genre=article&amp;amp;rft.atitle=The+History+and+Legal+Position+of+Confucianism+in+Post+Independence+Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.jtitle=Religion&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rft.volume=10&amp;amp;rft.issue=1&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Yang&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Heriyanto&amp;amp;rft.pages=8&amp;amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.uni-marburg.de%2Freligionswissenschaft%2Fjournal%2Fmjr%2Fpdf%2F2005%2Fyang2005.pdf"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-110"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-110" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; of which roughly two-thirds are &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant" title="Protestant" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Protestant&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-OEYBALI-111"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-OEYBALI_111-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFOey1997"&gt;Oey, Eric (1997), &lt;i&gt;Bali&lt;/i&gt; (3rd ed.), Singapore: Periplus Editions, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9625930280" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 962-593-028-0&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Bali&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Oey&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Eric&amp;amp;rft.au=Oey%2C+Eric&amp;amp;rft.date=1997&amp;amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;amp;rft.place=Singapore&amp;amp;rft.pub=Periplus+Editions&amp;amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Indonesia"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-112"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-112" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/40.htm" class="external text" title="http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/40.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia - Buddhism&lt;/a&gt;".  U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_15" title="October 15"&gt;10-15&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-csi-113"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-csi_113-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/37.htm" class="external text" title="http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/37.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia - Islam&lt;/a&gt;".  U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_15" title="October 15"&gt;10-15&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-114"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-114" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Ricklefs (1991), pp. 25, 26, 28 ; "&lt;a href="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah02.shtml" class="external text" title="http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah02.shtml" rel="nofollow"&gt;1500 to 1670: Great Kings and Trade Empires&lt;/a&gt;".  Sejarah Indonesia. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25" title="April 25"&gt;04-25&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-115"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-115" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Ricklefs (1991), pp.28, 62; Vickers (2005), p.22; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;Goh, Robbie B.H.. &lt;i&gt;Christianity in Southeast Asia&lt;/i&gt;. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 80. 9812302972.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Southeast+Asia&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Goh&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Robbie+B.H.&amp;amp;rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&amp;amp;rft.pages=80"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-116"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-116" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Magnis-Suseno, F. 1981, &lt;i&gt;Javanese Ethics and World-View: The Javanese Idea of the Good Life&lt;/i&gt;, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 1997, pp.15-18, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979605406X" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 979-605-406-X&lt;/a&gt;; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, Embassy of the United States (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003" title="2003"&gt;2003&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_18" title="December 18"&gt;12-18&lt;/a&gt;). "&lt;a href="http://www.usembassyjakarta.org/press_rel/religious_report2003.html" class="external text" title="http://www.usembassyjakarta.org/press_rel/religious_report2003.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Indonesia Annual International Religious Freedom Report 2003&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_release" title="News release"&gt;Press release&lt;/a&gt;.  Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25" title="April 25"&gt;04-25&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-117"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-117" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Witton-2003"&gt;Witton, Patrick (2003). &lt;i&gt;Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;. Melbourne: Lonely Planet, p.103. ISBN1-74059-154-2.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Witton&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&amp;amp;rft.place=Melbourne&amp;amp;rft.pages=p.103"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-118"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-118" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Witton-2002"&gt;Witton, Patrick (2002). &lt;i&gt;World Food: Indonesia&lt;/i&gt;. Melbourne: &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet"&gt;Lonely Planet&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1740590090" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 1-74059-009-0&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=World+Food%3A+Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Witton&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;amp;rft.date=2002&amp;amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BLonely+Planet%5D%5D&amp;amp;rft.place=Melbourne"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-119"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-119" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Compared to the infused flavors of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_food" title="Vietnamese food" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Vietnamese&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_food" title="Thai food" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Thai food&lt;/a&gt;, flavors in Indonesia are kept relatively separate, simple and substantial. &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Brissendon-2003"&gt;Brissendon, Rosemary (2003). &lt;i&gt;South East Asian Food&lt;/i&gt;. Melbourne: Hardie Grant Books. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1740660137" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 1-74066-013-7&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=South+East+Asian+Food&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Brissendon&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Rosemary&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.pub=Hardie+Grant+Books&amp;amp;rft.place=Melbourne"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-kompasmovies-120"&gt;^ &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-kompasmovies_120-0" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-kompasmovies_120-1" title=""&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Kristianto, JB (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" title="2005"&gt;2005&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2" title="July 2"&gt;07-02&lt;/a&gt;). "&lt;a href="http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0507/02/Bentara/1857854.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0507/02/Bentara/1857854.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Sepuluh Tahun Terakhir Perfilman Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;" (in Indonesian), Kompas&lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;. Retrieved on 2006-10-05&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;amp;rft.subject=News&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=JB&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Kristianto&amp;amp;rft.title=Sepuluh+Tahun+Terakhir+Perfilman+Indonesia&amp;amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kompas.com%2Fkompas-cetak%2F0507%2F02%2FBentara%2F1857854.htm&amp;amp;rft.publisher=Kompas&amp;amp;rft.date=2005-07-02&amp;amp;rft.language=Indonesian"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-121"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-121" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);"&gt;(Indonesian)&lt;/span&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.geocities.com/Paris/7229/film.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.geocities.com/Paris/7229/film.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;Kondisi Perfilman di Indonesia (The State of The Film Industry in Indonesia)&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Panton&lt;/i&gt;. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006"&gt;2006&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_5" title="October 5"&gt;10-05&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-122"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-122" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Taylor (2003), pages 299–301&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-123"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-123" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Vickers (2005) pages 3 to 7; Friend (2003), pages 74, 180&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-UNESCO_Jakarta.2C_Indonesia-124"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-UNESCO_Jakarta.2C_Indonesia_124-0" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Czermak, Karen; Philippe DeLanghe, Wei Weng. "&lt;a href="http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/parallel_papers/unesco_jakarta.pdf" class="external text" title="http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/parallel_papers/unesco_jakarta.pdf" rel="nofollow"&gt;"Preserving Intangible Cultural Heritage in Indonesia"&lt;/a&gt;" (PDF).  SIL International. Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_4" title="July 4"&gt;07-04&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-125"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-125" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;" id="Reference-Shannon_L.-2001"&gt;Shannon L., Smith; Lloyd Grayson J. (2001). &lt;i&gt;Indonesia Today: Challenges of History&lt;/i&gt;. Melbourne, Australia: Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0742517616" class="internal"&gt;ISBN 0-7425-1761-6&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.genre=book&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Indonesia+Today%3A+Challenges+of+History&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Shannon+L.&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Smith&amp;amp;rft.date=2001&amp;amp;rft.pub=Singapore+%3A+Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&amp;amp;rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="cite_note-126"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia#cite_ref-126" title=""&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; "&lt;a href="http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia.htm#id" class="external text" title="http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia.htm#id" rel="nofollow"&gt;Internet World Stats&lt;/a&gt;". &lt;i&gt;Asia Internet Usage, Population Statistics and Information&lt;/i&gt;.  Miniwatts Marketing Group (2006). Retrieved on &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007"&gt;2007&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_13" title="August 13"&gt;08-13&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a name="External_links" id="External_links"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;[&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;section=15" title="Edit section: External links"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;External links&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="tright portal" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0.5em 0pt 0.5em 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;table style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%; text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Portal.svg" class="image" title="Portal.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/28px-Portal.svg.png" border="0" width="28" height="28" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0pt 0.2em;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia"&gt;Indonesia portal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 235px; line-height: 2.25em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style="line-height: 1.3em;"&gt; &lt;th colspan="2" align="center"&gt;Find more about Indonesia on Wikipedia's sister projects:&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th width="37"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg" class="image" title="Wiktionary-logo-en.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" border="0" width="25" height="27" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;span title="Wiktionary"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Indonesia"&gt;Dictionary definitions&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="image" title="Wikibooks-logo.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" border="0" width="27" height="27" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Indonesia"&gt;Textbooks&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="image" title="Wikiquote-logo.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" border="0" width="23" height="27" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Indonesia"&gt;Quotations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="image" title="Wikisource-logo.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" border="0" width="26" height="27" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Indonesia"&gt;Source texts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;span title="Commons"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Commons-logo.svg" class="image" title="Commons-logo.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" border="0" width="18" height="24" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Indonesia"&gt;Images and media&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;span style="position: relative; top: 6px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="image" title="Wikinews-logo.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" border="0" width="27" height="15" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Indonesia"&gt;News stories&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg" class="image" title="Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg.png" border="0" width="27" height="24" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Indonesia"&gt;Learning resources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;dt&gt;Government&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.indonesia.go.id/en/" class="external text" title="http://www.indonesia.go.id/en/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Government of Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.setneg.go.id/" class="external text" title="http://www.setneg.go.id/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Minister of The State Secretary (Indonesian)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.antara.co.id/en/" class="external text" title="http://www.antara.co.id/en/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Antara - National News Agency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.bps.go.id/" class="external text" title="http://www.bps.go.id/" rel="nofollow"&gt;Statistics Center&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;dt&gt;Other&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://wikitravel.org/en/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="wikitravel:Indonesia"&gt;Indonesia travel guide&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikitravel" title="Wikitravel"&gt;Wikitravel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;table class="navbox" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 2px;"&gt; &lt;table id="collapsibleTable1" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"&gt;&lt;span style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;"&gt;[&lt;a href="javascript:collapseTable(1);" id="collapseButton1"&gt;show&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"&gt; &lt;div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"&gt;&lt;span title="View this template" style="border: medium none ;"&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"&gt;&lt;span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="Discussion about this template"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 80%;"&gt;•&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia&amp;amp;action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia&amp;amp;action=edit" rel="nofollow"&gt;&lt;span style="border: medium none ; color: rgb(0, 43, 184);" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving."&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 110%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries" title="List of countries"&gt;Countries&lt;/a&gt; and other territories in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia"&gt;Southeast Asia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: inherit;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"&gt; &lt;div style="padding: 0px;"&gt; &lt;table class="navbox-columns-table" style="text-align: left; width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" cellspacing="0"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style="vertical-align: top;"&gt; &lt;td style="width: 5em;"&gt;   &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 0px; width: 9em;"&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states"&gt;Sovereign states&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Brunei.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Brunei.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/18px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="18" height="9" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei"&gt;Brunei&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Myanmar.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/18px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="18" height="10" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma"&gt;Burma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Cambodia.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/18px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="18" height="12" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia"&gt;Cambodia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_East_Timor.svg" class="image" title="Flag of East Timor.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/18px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="18" height="9" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor"&gt;East Timor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Indonesia.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/18px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="18" height="12" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong class="selflink"&gt;Indonesia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Laos.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Laos.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/18px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="18" height="12" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos"&gt;Laos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; width: 12em;"&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Malaysia.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/18px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="18" height="9" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"&gt;Malaysia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the Philippines.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="18" height="9" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"&gt;Philippines&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Singapore.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Singapore.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/18px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="18" height="12" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"&gt;Singapore&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Thailand.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Thailand.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/18px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="18" height="12" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"&gt;Thailand&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Vietnam.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/18px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="18" height="12" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"&gt;Vietnam&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="border-left: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; width: 18.5em;"&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries" title="List of countries"&gt;Dependencies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Christmas Island.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg/18px-Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="18" height="9" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island"&gt;Christmas Island&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"&gt;Australia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.svg"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="18" height="9" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_%28Keeling%29_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands"&gt;Cocos (Keeling) Islands&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"&gt;Australia&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Divisions of sovereign states&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_India.svg" class="image" title="Flag of India"&gt;&lt;img alt="Flag of India" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/18px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="18" height="12" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands"&gt;Andaman and Nicobar Islands&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"&gt;India&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="flagicon"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="image" title="Flag of the People's Republic of China"&gt;&lt;img alt="Flag of the People's Republic of China" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" class="thumbborder" border="0" width="18" height="12" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_Province" title="Hainan Province" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Hainan Island&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;small&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China"&gt;PRC&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="height: 2px; display: none;"&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr style="display: none;"&gt; &lt;td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="" colspan="2"&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputed_territories#In_Asia_and_the_Pacific" title="Disputed territories" class="mw-redirect"&gt;Disputed territories&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naf_River" title="Naf River"&gt;Islands in the Naf River&lt;/a&gt; &lt;small&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"&gt;Bangladesh&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma"&gt;Burma&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macclesfield_Bank" title="Macclesfield Bank"&gt;Macclesfield Bank&lt;/a&gt; &lt;small&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China"&gt;PRC&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China" title="Republic of China"&gt;ROC&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracel_Islands" title="Paracel Islands"&gt;Paracel Islands&lt;/a&gt; &lt;small&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China"&gt;PRC&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China" title="Republic of China"&gt;ROC&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"&gt;Vietnam&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratas_Islands" title="Pratas Islands"&gt;Pratas Islands&lt;/a&gt; &lt;small&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China"&gt;PRC&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China" title="Republic of China"&gt;ROC&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah"&gt;Sabah&lt;/a&gt; &lt;small&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"&gt;Malaysia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"&gt;Philippines&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_Shoal" title="Scarborough Shoal"&gt;Scarborough Shoal&lt;/a&gt; &lt;small&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"&gt;Philippines&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China"&gt;PRC&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China" title="Republic of China"&gt;ROC&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands"&gt;Spratly Islands&lt;/a&gt; &lt;small&gt;(&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei"&gt;Brunei&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"&gt;Malaysia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"&gt;Philippines&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China"&gt;PRC&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China" title="Republic of China"&gt;ROC&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"&gt;Vietnam&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_autonomist_and_secessionist_movements#Asia" title="List of active autonomist and secessionist movements"&gt;Active separatist or autonomist movements&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh"&gt;Aceh&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands"&gt;Maluku Islands&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea"&gt;West Papua&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_State" title="Chin State"&gt;Chinland&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi"&gt;Sulawesi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland"&gt;Nagaland&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa_State" title="Wa State"&gt;Wa State&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zogam" title="Zogam"&gt;Zogam&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro"&gt;Bangsamoro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; ·&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patani_%28region%29" title="Patani (region)"&gt;Patani&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="right: 10px; display: none;" class="metadata topicon" id="featured-star"&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."&gt;&lt;img alt="Featured article" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/60/LinkFA-star.png" border="0" width="14" height="14" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span id="interwiki-id-fa"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span id="interwiki-ms-fa"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;!--  NewPP limit report Preprocessor node count: 26661/1000000 Post-expand include size: 247988/2048000 bytes Template argument size: 122608/2048000 bytes Expensive parser function count: 2/500 --&gt;  &lt;!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14579-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20081017212145 --&gt; &lt;div class="printfooter"&gt; Retrieved from "&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;"&lt;/div&gt;    &lt;div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"&gt;&lt;div id="mw-normal-catlinks"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories"&gt;Categories&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles"&gt;Featured articles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; | &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indonesia" title="Category:Indonesia"&gt;Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; | &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Island_countries" title="Category:Island countries"&gt;Island countries&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; | &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Republics" title="Category:Republics"&gt;Republics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; | &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Liberal_democracies" title="Category:Liberal democracies"&gt;Liberal democracies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; | &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_member_states" title="Category:Association of Southeast Asian Nations member states"&gt;Association of Southeast Asian Nations member states&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; | &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:G15_nations" title="Category:G15 nations"&gt;G15 nations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; | &lt;span dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Developing_8_Countries_member_states" title="Category:Developing 8 Countries member states"&gt;Developing 8 Countries member states&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;!-- end content --&gt;          &lt;/div&gt;        &lt;div id="column-one"&gt;  &lt;div id="p-cactions" class="portlet"&gt;   &lt;h5&gt;Views&lt;/h5&gt;   &lt;div class="pBody"&gt;    &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="View the content page [alt-shift-c]" accesskey="c"&gt;Article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="ca-talk"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Indonesia" title="Discussion about the content page [alt-shift-t]" accesskey="t"&gt;Discussion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="ca-edit"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=edit" title="You can edit this page.  Please use the preview button before saving. [alt-shift-e]" accesskey="e"&gt;Edit this page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="ca-history"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;action=history" title="Past versions of this page [alt-shift-h]" accesskey="h"&gt;History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="portlet" id="p-personal"&gt;   &lt;h5&gt;Personal tools&lt;/h5&gt;   &lt;div class="pBody"&gt;    &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li id="pt-login"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;amp;returnto=Indonesia" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory. [alt-shift-o]" accesskey="o"&gt;Log in / create account&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="portlet" id="p-logo"&gt;     &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt; if (window.isMSIE55) fixalpha(); &lt;/script&gt;  &lt;div class="generated-sidebar portlet" id="p-navigation"&gt;   &lt;h5&gt;Navigation&lt;/h5&gt;   &lt;div class="pBody"&gt;    &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li id="n-mainpage-description"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [alt-shift-z]" accesskey="z"&gt;Main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="n-contents"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"&gt;Contents&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="n-featuredcontent"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content — the best of Wikipedia"&gt;Featured content&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="n-currentevents"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events"&gt;Current events&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="n-randompage"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [alt-shift-x]" accesskey="x"&gt;Random article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div id="p-search" class="portlet"&gt;   &lt;h5&gt;&lt;label for="searchInput"&gt;Search&lt;/label&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;   &lt;div id="searchBody" class="pBody"&gt;    &lt;form action="/wiki/Special:Search" id="searchform"&gt;&lt;div&gt;     &lt;input autocomplete="off" id="searchInput" name="search" title="Search Wikipedia [alt-shift-f]" accesskey="f" value="" type="text"&gt;     &lt;input name="go" class="searchButton" id="searchGoButton" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if one exists" type="submit"&gt;      &lt;input name="fulltext" class="searchButton" id="mw-searchButton" value="Search" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" type="submit"&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/form&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="generated-sidebar portlet" id="p-interaction"&gt;   &lt;h5&gt;Interaction&lt;/h5&gt;   &lt;div class="pBody"&gt;    &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li id="n-aboutsite"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia"&gt;About Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="n-portal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"&gt;Community portal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="n-recentchanges"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="The list of recent changes in the wiki [alt-shift-r]" accesskey="r"&gt;Recent changes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="n-contact"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"&gt;Contact Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="n-sitesupport"&gt;&lt;a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Donate" title="Support us"&gt;Donate to Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="n-help"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"&gt;Help&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div class="portlet" id="p-tb"&gt;   &lt;h5&gt;Toolbox&lt;/h5&gt;   &lt;div class="pBody"&gt;    &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li id="t-whatlinkshere"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Indonesia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [alt-shift-j]" accesskey="j"&gt;What links here&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-recentchangeslinked"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Indonesia" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [alt-shift-k]" accesskey="k"&gt;Related changes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-upload"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload" title="Upload files [alt-shift-u]" accesskey="u"&gt;Upload file&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-specialpages"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="List of all special pages [alt-shift-q]" accesskey="q"&gt;Special pages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-print"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [alt-shift-p]" accesskey="p"&gt;Printable version&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-permalink"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&amp;amp;oldid=245873786" title="Permanent link to this version of the page"&gt;Permanent link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="t-cite"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Cite&amp;amp;page=Indonesia&amp;amp;id=245873786"&gt;Cite this page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div id="p-lang" class="portlet"&gt;   &lt;h5&gt;Languages&lt;/h5&gt;   &lt;div class="pBody"&gt;    &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-af"&gt;&lt;a href="http://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB"&gt;Afrikaans&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-als"&gt;&lt;a href="http://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesien"&gt;Alemannisch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ar"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7"&gt;العربية&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-an"&gt;&lt;a href="http://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Aragonés&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-frp"&gt;&lt;a href="http://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endon%C3%A8sie"&gt;Arpetan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ast"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Asturianu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-az"&gt;&lt;a href="http://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndoneziya"&gt;Azərbaycan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-bn"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE"&gt;বাংলা&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-zh-min-nan"&gt;&lt;a href="http://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-n%C3%AE"&gt;Bân-lâm-gú&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-map-bms"&gt;&lt;a href="http://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Basa Banyumasan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ba"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F"&gt;Башҡорт&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-be"&gt;&lt;a href="http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F"&gt;Беларуская&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-be-x-old"&gt;&lt;a href="http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F"&gt;Беларуская (тарашкевіца)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-bo"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1"&gt;བོད་ཡིག&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-bs"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezija"&gt;Bosanski&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-br"&gt;&lt;a href="http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezia"&gt;Brezhoneg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-bg"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F"&gt;Български&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ca"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A8sia"&gt;Català&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-cv"&gt;&lt;a href="http://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8"&gt;Чăвашла&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ceb"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Cebuano&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-cs"&gt;&lt;a href="http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sie"&gt;Česky&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-cy"&gt;&lt;a href="http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Cymraeg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-da"&gt;&lt;a href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesien"&gt;Dansk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-de"&gt;&lt;a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesien"&gt;Deutsch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-dv"&gt;&lt;a href="http://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%AD%DE%9D%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7"&gt;ދިވެހިބަސް&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-et"&gt;&lt;a href="http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneesia"&gt;Eesti&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-el"&gt;&lt;a href="http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1"&gt;Ελληνικά&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-es"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-eo"&gt;&lt;a href="http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezio"&gt;Esperanto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-eu"&gt;&lt;a href="http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Euskara&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-fa"&gt;&lt;a href="http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C"&gt;فارسی&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-fr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sie"&gt;Français&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-fy"&gt;&lt;a href="http://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yndoneezje"&gt;Frysk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ga"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Indin%C3%A9is"&gt;Gaeilge&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-gv"&gt;&lt;a href="http://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Indoneesh"&gt;Gaelg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-gd"&gt;&lt;a href="http://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Innd-Innse"&gt;Gàidhlig&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-gl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Galego&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-zh-classical"&gt;&lt;a href="http://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E"&gt;文言&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-hak"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin-thu-n%C3%AC-s%C3%AE-%C3%A2"&gt;Hak-kâ-fa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ko"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84"&gt;한국어&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-haw"&gt;&lt;a href="http://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98Inidonesia"&gt;Hawai`i&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-hy"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%A1"&gt;Հայերեն&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-hi"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE"&gt;हिन्दी&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-hsb"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneska"&gt;Hornjoserbsce&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-hr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezija"&gt;Hrvatski&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-io"&gt;&lt;a href="http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezia"&gt;Ido&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ilo"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Ilokano&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-bpy"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE"&gt;ইমার ঠার/বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li title="This is a featured article in another language." class="interwiki-id FA"&gt;&lt;a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Bahasa Indonesia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ia"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Interlingua&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ie"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Interlingue&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-os"&gt;&lt;a href="http://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8"&gt;Иронау&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-is"&gt;&lt;a href="http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%B3nes%C3%ADa"&gt;Íslenska&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-it"&gt;&lt;a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Italiano&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-he"&gt;&lt;a href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94"&gt;עברית&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-jv"&gt;&lt;a href="http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sia"&gt;Basa Jawa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-pam"&gt;&lt;a href="http://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Kapampangan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-kn"&gt;&lt;a href="http://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE"&gt;ಕನ್ನಡ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ka"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90"&gt;ქართული&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-csb"&gt;&lt;a href="http://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jindonezj%C3%B4"&gt;Kaszëbsczi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-kk"&gt;&lt;a href="http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F"&gt;Қазақша&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-kw"&gt;&lt;a href="http://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesi"&gt;Kernewek&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ky"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F"&gt;Кыргызча&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sw"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Kiswahili&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ht"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonezi"&gt;Kreyòl ayisyen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ku"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Endon%C3%AAziya"&gt;Kurdî / كوردی&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-la"&gt;&lt;a href="http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Latina&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-lv"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C4%93zija"&gt;Latviešu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-lb"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesien"&gt;Lëtzebuergesch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-lt"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezija"&gt;Lietuvių&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-lij"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonexia"&gt;Líguru&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-li"&gt;&lt;a href="http://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB"&gt;Limburgs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-jbo"&gt;&lt;a href="http://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bidgu%27e"&gt;Lojban&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-lmo"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indunesia"&gt;Lumbaart&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-hu"&gt;&lt;a href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9zia"&gt;Magyar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-mk"&gt;&lt;a href="http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0"&gt;Македонски&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ml"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF"&gt;മലയാളം&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-mi"&gt;&lt;a href="http://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initon%C4%ABhia"&gt;Māori&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-mr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE"&gt;मराठी&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li title="This is a featured article in another language." class="interwiki-ms FA"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Bahasa Melayu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-mn"&gt;&lt;a href="http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7"&gt;Монгол&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-nah"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Nāhuatl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-na"&gt;&lt;a href="http://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Dorerin Naoero&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-nl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB"&gt;Nederlands&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-nds-nl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezie"&gt;Nedersaksisch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ja"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2"&gt;日本語&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-nap"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Nnapulitano&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-no"&gt;&lt;a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;‪Norsk (bokmål)‬&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-nn"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;‪Norsk (nynorsk)‬&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-nov"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Novial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-oc"&gt;&lt;a href="http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Occitan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-uz"&gt;&lt;a href="http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;O'zbek&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ps"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7"&gt;پښتو&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-km"&gt;&lt;a href="http://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A5%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8"&gt;ភាសាខ្មែរ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-pms"&gt;&lt;a href="http://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Piemontèis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-nds"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesien"&gt;Plattdüütsch&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-pl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezja"&gt;Polski&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-pt"&gt;&lt;a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sia"&gt;Português&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-crh"&gt;&lt;a href="http://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndoneziya"&gt;Qırımtatarca&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ro"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezia"&gt;Română&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-qu"&gt;&lt;a href="http://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indunisya"&gt;Runa Simi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ru"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F"&gt;Русский&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-se"&gt;&lt;a href="http://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Sámegiella&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sa"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE"&gt;संस्कृत&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sq"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezia"&gt;Shqip&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-scn"&gt;&lt;a href="http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indunesia"&gt;Sicilianu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-simple"&gt;&lt;a href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Simple English&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sk"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9zia"&gt;Slovenčina&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezija"&gt;Slovenščina&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-szl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C5%AFnezyjo"&gt;Ślůnski&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0"&gt;Српски / Srpski&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sh"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezija"&gt;Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-su"&gt;&lt;a href="http://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Indon%C3%A9sia"&gt;Basa Sunda&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-fi"&gt;&lt;a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Suomi&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-sv"&gt;&lt;a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesien"&gt;Svenska&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-tl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesya"&gt;Tagalog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ta"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE"&gt;தமிழ்&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-te"&gt;&lt;a href="http://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE"&gt;తెలుగు&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-tet"&gt;&lt;a href="http://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9zia"&gt;Tetun&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-th"&gt;&lt;a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2"&gt;ไทย&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-vi"&gt;&lt;a href="http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Tiếng Việt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-tg"&gt;&lt;a href="http://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F"&gt;Тоҷикӣ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-tr"&gt;&lt;a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonezya"&gt;Türkçe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-tk"&gt;&lt;a href="http://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezi%C3%BDa"&gt;Türkmen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-udm"&gt;&lt;a href="http://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F"&gt;Удмурт&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-uk"&gt;&lt;a href="http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F"&gt;Українська&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-ur"&gt;&lt;a href="http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7"&gt;اردو&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-vec"&gt;&lt;a href="http://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonexia"&gt;Vèneto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-vo"&gt;&lt;a href="http://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lind%C3%A4na-Se%C3%A4nu%C3%A4ns"&gt;Volapük&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-war"&gt;&lt;a href="http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesya"&gt;Winaray&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-wo"&gt;&lt;a href="http://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoneesi"&gt;Wolof&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-wuu"&gt;&lt;a href="http://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A"&gt;吴语&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-yi"&gt;&lt;a href="http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A2"&gt;ייִדיש&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-yo"&gt;&lt;a href="http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"&gt;Yorùbá&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-zh-yue"&gt;&lt;a href="http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC"&gt;粵語&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-diq"&gt;&lt;a href="http://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndonezya"&gt;Zazaki&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-bat-smg"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induonez%C4%97j%C4%97"&gt;Žemaitėška&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="interwiki-zh"&gt;&lt;a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A"&gt;中文&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- end of the left (by default at least) column --&gt;        &lt;div id="footer"&gt;     &lt;div id="f-poweredbyico"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mediawiki.org/"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;     &lt;div id="f-copyrightico"&gt;&lt;a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/"&gt;&lt;img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/images/wikimedia-button.png" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;    &lt;ul id="f-list"&gt;&lt;li id="lastmod"&gt; This page was last modified on 17 October 2008, at 11:52.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="copyright"&gt;All text is available under the terms of the &lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License"&gt;GNU Free Documentation License&lt;/a&gt;. (See &lt;b&gt;&lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights"&gt;Copyrights&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; for details.)&lt;br /&gt;Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the &lt;a href="http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/"&gt;Wikimedia Foundation, Inc&lt;/a&gt;., a U.S. registered &lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501%28c%29#501.28c.29.283.29" title="501(c)(3)"&gt;501(c)(3)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Deductibility_of_donations"&gt;tax-deductible&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization" title="Non-profit organization"&gt;nonprofit&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization"&gt;charity&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="privacy"&gt;&lt;a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="wikimedia:Privacy policy"&gt;Privacy policy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: justify;" id="about"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About"&gt;About Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li id="disclaimer"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer"&gt;Disclaimers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-5995243096135808252?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/10/indonesia.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-3375560813146256354</guid><pubDate>Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:23:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-10-18T12:27:06.669+07:00</atom:updated><title>PENILIK DALAM MEWUJUDKAN QUALITY ASSURANCE</title><description>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Penilik adalah Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang diberi tugas, tanggung jawab, wewenang dan hak secara penuh oleh pejabatan yang berwenang untuk melakukan kegiatan penilikan Pendidikan Luar Sekolah yang selanjutnya disingkat PLS meliputi pendidikan masyarakat, kepemudaan, pendidikan anak dini usia dan keolahragaan (Direktorat Tenaga Teknis. 2005. Himpunan Keputusan Tentang Jabatan Fungsional Penilik. Jakarta Depdiknas )&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Penilik sebagai salah satu tenaga kependidikan yang berstatus PNS merupakan jabatan fungsional, yang dahulu jabatan ini adalah jabatan struktural eselon V pada Penilik Pendidikan Masyarakat, Penilik Generasi Muda dan Penilik Keolahragaan. Penglihfungsian jabatan penilik tersebut adalah dalam rangka meningkatkan kinerja dan profesionalisme Penilik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keberadaan Jabatan Fungsional Penilik ini dimaksudkan dapat menciptakan quality assurance dalam penyelenggaraan program pendidikan luar sekolah dan diharapkan keberadaan seorang Penilik memiliki kemampuan dalam merencanakan, melaksanakan, menilai, membimbing, dan melaporkan kegiatan penilikan PLS (Pendidikan Nonformal/PNF).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk itu dalam rangka melaksanakan tugasnya secara optimal, Penilik perlu meningkatkan kompetensinya dalam rangka memastikan mutu layanan program PNF melalui pendidikan dan latihan ataupun diskusi-diskusi informal antar penilik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Selanjutnya dalam mewujudkan penjaminan mutu (Quality Assurance) penyelenggaraan PNF seorang penilik harus melaksanakan kegiatan Kepenilikan (1) bidang Proses Pembelajaran, Pelatihan dan Bimbingan , (2) bidang Sumber Daya Pendidikan (3) bidang Materi dan Metode pada penyelenggaraan PLS/PNF di PKBM dan Lembaga Kursus ataupun pendidikan Nonformal lainnya. Selanjutnya perwujudan quality assurance program PNF, Penilik harus melaksankan Analisis &amp;amp; Penilaian pada program PNF.&lt;br /&gt;Penilik akan mampu bekerja dengan baik, jika mereka memiliki 4(empat) kompetensi dasar, antara lain : Kompetensi Pendidikan , Kompetensi Kepribadian, Kompetensi Sosial dan Kompetensi Profesional. Empat Kompetensi ini harus ada dan dimiliki oleh Penilik. (Arif N, Jakarta.)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-3375560813146256354?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/10/penilik-dalam-mewujudkan-quality.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-3311030932331809174</guid><pubDate>Wed, 15 Oct 2008 15:22:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-10-15T22:25:45.817+07:00</atom:updated><title>Pentingnya Kompetensi Pendidikan seorang Penilik</title><description>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Pendidikan Nasional ditujukan dalam usaha mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa secara lebih spesifik, tujuan tersebut diarahkan dalam usaha meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia Indonesia sebagai pelaku dan faktor terpenting dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan Nasional. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Implementasi dari kebijakan Pemerintah di atas pada tatanan makro, pemerintah menekankan pada perluasan kesempatan untuk memperoleh pendidikan bagi semua warga negara Indonesia, peningkatan mutu dan peningkatan efisiensi pengelolaan kegiatan pendidikan. Sedangkan pada tatanan mikro adalah untuk menghasilkan lulusan pendidikan yang bermutu pada setiap jenjang dan jenis. Adapun terciptanya lulusan pendidikan yang bermutu merupakan suatu usaha sistematik yang saling berhubungan antara input, proses, output dan outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Penilik (tenaga kependidikan ) adalah salah satu faktor input merupakan faktor determinan (penentu) terhadap keberhasilan dalam penyelenggaraan kegiatan Pendidikan Nonformal. Untuk itu, upaya meningkatkan kemampuan dan keterampilan Kepenilikan atau Pengawasan harus terus menerus diupayakan melalui pendidikan (Diploma, S1, S2, S3) dan pelatihan fungsional sesuai dengan kebutuhan penilik. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Hal tersebut di atas dimaksudkan agar para penilik melakukan tugasnya memiliki kemampuan dan keterampilan yang profesional, yaitu trampil secara teknis dan ahli dibidangnya yang diperlukan bagi penilik untuk melaksanakan tugas pokok dan fungsinya sebagai penilik antara lain :1) Merencakan kepenilikan program, 2) Melaksanakan rencana yg telah ditetapkan, 3) Menilai hasil kepenilikan 4) Melaksanakan bimbingan kepada Penjab PKBM, Pimpinan Lembaga/Kursus yg melaksanakan Kegiatan Pendidikan Nonforma danTutor atau Instruktur, 5) Membuat Laporan setiap penilik melaksanakan kegiatan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Kenyataan di lapangan dalam kegiatan kepenilikan banyak diantara penilik masih belum memahami teknis pelaksanaan kepenilikan dan Penilaian hasil kepenilikan. Kepenilikan itu sendiri terbagi dalam 3 bidang kegiatan antara lain; 1) bidang pembelajaran/pelatihan, 2) bidang sumber daya dan 3) bidang materi dan metode. Kegiatan 3 bidang tersebut dilaksanakan sesuai dengan jabatan penilik yg dimilikinya. Selanjutnya tingkat pendidikan formal Penilik masih rendah (SLTA), rekruitmen penilik dari guru SD atau kepala Sekolah SD yg tidak memiliki kompetensi pendidikan luar sekolah baik secara teori maupun praktek.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Melihat kenyataan tersebut di atas, bagaimana bisa seorang Penilik dapat melaksanakan bimbingan pada lembaga dan mendeskripsikan kegiatannya dalam bentuk laporan. Untuk membenahi hal ini, maka perlu adanya gerakan wajib belajar bagi para penilik, atau Direktorat PTK-PNF Depdiknas RI memberikan beasiswa S1, S2, atau S3 atau Diklat bagi Penilik secara terus menerus dan berkesinambungan.(Arif Nasdianto, Plt. Sekjen Ikatan Penilik Indonesia)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-3311030932331809174?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/10/pentingnya-kompetensi-pendidikan.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-193500773522009200</guid><pubDate>Mon, 22 Sep 2008 13:29:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-09-22T21:23:28.414+07:00</atom:updated><title>KONSOLIDASI FORUM PTKPNF JAKARTA TIMUR</title><description>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;color:#ff0000;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;F&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;orum PTK-PNF Jakarta Timur mengadakan konsolidasi dalam acara Buka Puasa Tanggal 22 September 2008. Dalam acara tersebut dihadiri oleh Pengurus Forum Penilik, Pamong Belajar, TLD, Tutor Keaksaraan, Tutor Kesetaraan. PKBM, HIMPAUDI, HIPKI di SKB Jakartra Timur. Dalam konsolidasi tersebut menghasilkan :Terciptanya forum yang profesional dalam rangka mewujudkan Quality Assurance  penyelenggaraan PNF di Jakarta Timur. Hasil ini merupakan pengejawantahan PP 19 tahun 2005 tentang Standarisasi Pendidikan. Sehubungan dengan itu forum menyepakati pelaksanaan pendataan  Tenaga Kependidikan Non Formal dari semua lini. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Menurut Drs. Ginda Tua Marpaung, salah satu pamong ahli SKB Jakarta Timur. "Kondisi yang sudah kondusif hendaknya didukung juga kebijakan Pemerintah Daerah yang selaras". &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;                E&lt;/span&gt;uis Susilawati TLD Kec. Ciracas menyampaikan :"Untuk mesinkronisasikan forum  PTK-PNF di wilayah Kota Administrasi Jakarta Timur maka perlu kiranya diselenggarakan temu silaturahim antar forum melalui kegiatan diskusi terfokus merumuskan strategi-strategi pengembangan PNFI  agar PNFI di Jakarta Timur lebih bermutu, berkualitas, profesional dan bermartabat yang diselenggarakan secara intensif dan berkesinambungan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;                Menurut &lt;span style="color:#ff6600;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Arif Nasdianto&lt;/em&gt; &lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;salah satu&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;unsur penilik mengutarakan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan pengembangan kegiatan diatas merupakan bentuk sinkronisasi, integralisasi dan koordinasi antar forum yang selalu harus ditindak lanjuti oleh pengambil kebijakan. Tidak menutup kemungkinan banyak unsur-unsur terkait yang harus berperan serta dalam pengembangan kegiatan-kegiatan yang seyogyanya dapat memfasilitasi kegiatan tersebut baik sarana dan prasarana maupun finansial.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;                 Pendapat SKB melalui salah satu stapnya: Pihak SKB sangat mengapresiasi asa dan masukan-masukan dari kawan-kawan Forum untuk menyelenggarakan kegiatan diskusi terfokus tersebut dengan memfasilitasi sesuai kemampuan dan kondisi SKB saat ini dengan personil SKB yang hanya 10 orang yang seharusnya 16 orang oleh sebab itu sangatlah perlu penambahan karyawan agar kegiatan-egiatan dapat terpenuhi dan berjalan sesuai dengan harapan. maka kami menyarankan agar TLD yang ada di DKI Jakarta untuk segera di proses untuk mengisi kekosongan karyawan tersebut sehingga program-program PNFI dapat berjalan dengan baik karena TLD sudah memiliki kompetensi dilapangan dalam pengembangan Pendidikan Non Formal maka TLD seyogyanya layak untuk dipromosikan menjadi CPNS. (Drs. Gatot Sriwijatmiko, TLD DKI Jakarta)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-193500773522009200?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/09/konsolidasi-forum-ptkpnf-jakarta-timur.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-8140834780967794515</guid><pubDate>Sun, 18 May 2008 10:28:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-05-18T17:30:23.501+07:00</atom:updated><title>NASKAH AKADEMIK</title><description>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;USULAN PERPANJANGAN BATAS USIA PENSIUN PENILIK&lt;br /&gt;DAN TUNJANGAN&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Kepada Yth :&lt;br /&gt;1.      Bapak Presiden RI&lt;br /&gt;2.      Bapak Menteri Pendidikan Nasional RI&lt;br /&gt;3.      Bapak Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara RI&lt;br /&gt;4.      Ketua Komisi X DPR RI&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;Rasionalisasi&lt;br /&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;ejak terbitnya Keputusan Menteri Negara Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara(KEPMENPAN) Nomor 15/KEP/M.PAN/3/2002 tanggal 21 Maret 2002, tentang Jabatan Fungsional Penilik dan angka kreditnya, maka   penilik menjadi pejabat fungsional .Berdasarkan perundangan sebelumnya Penilik terdiri: Pendidikan Masyarakat (Dikmas), Pembinaan Generasi Muda (Binmud), dan Penilik Olahraga (Ora). Dan menyandang sebagai pejabat struktural dari eselon V/a .Status tersebut mengalami perubahan sejak diberlakukan KEPMENPAN No.15/KEP/M.PAN/3/2002 tanggal 21 Maret 2002 dengan sebutan “ Penilik “.Konsekwensinya terhadap kedudukan, tugas dan fungsi, kenaikan pangkat  dan jabatan serta karir&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;erbitnya KEPMENPAN No.15/KEP/M.PAN/3/2002 tanggal 21 Maret 2002 mempunyai kelemahan dan belum mendapatkan perhatian serius dari pemerintah tentang batas utusan pensiun(BUP) 56 tahun  dan tunjangan jabatan tidak sama dengan pengawas. Padahal sesuai PP NO.19 Tahun 2003 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan pada Pasal 40 ayat 1 Pengawasan pada Pendidikan Nonformal dilakukan oleh Penilik. Peraturan yang  mengatur Batas Usia Pensiun (BUP) Penilik belum secara jelas dan gamblang membedakan tugas, pokok dan fungsi penilik sebagai pejabat fungsional, tetapi menyamakan Penilik sama dengan PNS biasa.  &lt;br /&gt;Berdasarkan Surat BKN No.K.26-22/V.19-22/99 tanggal 9 Oktober 2001 menjadi 56 tahun disamakan dengan PNS biasa, bukan masuk dalam rumpun Pengawas Sekolah. Padahal  berdasarkan   surat Menpan No.B-1407A/F/1997 tanggal 23 Desember 1997 tersebut  BUP Penilik  60 tahun . Dasar rujukan surat Menpan No.B-1407A/F/1997 tanggal 23 Desember 1997 mengacu PP no 32 No.B-1407A/F/1979 tanggal 23 Desember 1979  tentang Pemberhentian PNS  .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;alam PP no 32 No.B-1407A/F/1979 tanggal 23 Desember 1979  tentang Pemberhentian PNS dalam pasal 3 ayat 2 b butir 11 BUP 60 tahun bagi Penilik Taman Kanak-Kanak,Penilik SD,dan Penilik Pendidikan Agama. Artinya dasar hukum  rujukan jelas tentang BUP Penilik 56 tahun ataupun 60 tahun masih tidak jelas , cenderung ketika BUP 60 tahun Penilik diinterprestasikan samadengan Pengawas Sekolah, dan ketika BUP 56 tahun diinterprestasikan Penilik samadengan PNS biasa. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;erdasarkan PP No.19 tahun  2003     Pasal 40 ayat 2 butir b  kriteria minimal Penilik : ”Berstatus Pamong Belajar/Pamong atau jabatan sejenis di lingkungan Pendidikan Nonformal, Pemuda dan Olahraga sekurang-kurangnya 5 tahun atau pernah menjadi pengawas satuan Pendidikan Formal”. Bagaimana pemerintah mampu menutup kekurangan tenaga Penilik sebanyak 7.149 orang (Dit.PTKPNF) dengan  persyaratan sedemikian rumit ? Pertanyaan ini akan berlaku bagi Pamong Belajar/Pamong atau Pengawas satuan Pendidikan Formal, karena jelas mereka tidak akan mau mengisi jabatan Penilik , jika sedangkan produk hukum yang mengatur BUP Penilik hanya 56 tahun  kontra produktif dan cenderung tidak adil, dan tidak berpihak kepada Penilik dan tunjangan lebih rendah dari Pengawas?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-8140834780967794515?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/05/naskah-akademik_18.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-5968369539418114255</guid><pubDate>Sun, 18 May 2008 10:26:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-05-18T17:28:07.992+07:00</atom:updated><title>Sasaran dan Permasalahan Layanan Pendidikan Nonformal(PNF).</title><description>&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;asaran PNF di masa mendatang mencakup segala lapisan masyarakat, tidak terbatas pada usia, jenis kelamin, status sosial ekonomi dan tingkat pendidikan. Sasaran tidak hanya diprioritaskan kepada mereka yang belum sekolah, putus sekolah atau mereka yang tamat sekolah yang ingin mendapatkan pekerjaan.&lt;br /&gt;PNF melayani semua masyarakat tanpa kecuali, termasuk mereka yang telah memiliki pendidikan tinggi dan/atau  pekerjaan yang tetap sekalipun. Dengan kata lain sasaran PNF yang masih membutuhkan tambahan pengetahuan /ketrampilan untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidupnya.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Sasaran Pendidikan Nonformal mencakup  :&lt;br /&gt;1.      PAUD&lt;br /&gt;2.      Pendidikan Keaksaraan&lt;br /&gt;3.      Pendidikan Kesetaraan&lt;br /&gt;4.      Kursus dan Pelatihan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dasar Hukum.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1.      Pengarahan Presiden pada Muktamar Kongres IDI tanggal    , mengharapkan BUP PNS, Polri dan  ABRI BUP menjadi 60 tahun, karena 60 tahun masih produktif.&lt;br /&gt;2.      PP 19 tahun 2005 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan  Pasal 40 ayat 2&lt;br /&gt;3.      KEPMENPAN Nomor 15/KEP/M.PAN/3/2002 tanggal 21 Maret 2002, tentang Jabatan Fungsional Penilik&lt;br /&gt;4.      PP No.32 tahun 1979 tentang Pemberhentian PNS pasal 3  ayat 2&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-5968369539418114255?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/05/sasaran-dan-permasalahan-layanan_18.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-5812981398454865760</guid><pubDate>Sun, 18 May 2008 10:25:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-05-18T17:26:20.626+07:00</atom:updated><title>Kedudukan dan Tugas Pokok.</title><description>&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;erdasarkan KEPMENPAN Nomor 15/KEP/M.PAN/3/2002 tanggal 21 Maret 2002, pasal 3 ayat 1 Penilik berkedudukan sebagai pelaksana tehnis fungsional penilikan Pendidikan Nonformal (PLS) pada Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten/Kota atau Dinas yang bertanggung jawab di bidang PLS. Penilik sebagaimana yang dimaksud ayat 1 adalah jabatan karier yang hanya dapat diduduki oleh PNS. Penilik adalah PNS yang diberi tugas, tanggung jawab, wewenang dan hak oleh pejabat yang berwenang untuk melakukan penilikan luar sekolah.Penilikan Pendidikan Nonformal adalah proses pemantauan, penilaian, dan bimbingan terhadap penyelenggaraan Pendidikan Nonformal. Meskipun kedudukan penilik pada tingkat kabupaten/kota, namun pelaksanaan tugasnya berkedudukan di tingkat kecamatan atau desa/kelurahan. Karena Penilik berkedudukan pada kabupaten/kota, maka pejabat yang berhak/berwenang mengangkatnya adalah pejabat Pembina kepegawaian daerah kabupaten/kota yaitu Bupati/Walikota.&lt;br /&gt;Tugas pokok penilik berdasarkan Keputusan Menpan No.15/KEP/M.PAN/3/2002 adalah merencanakan, melaksanakan(memantau), menilai, membimbing dan melaporkan kegiatan penilikan Pendidikan Nonformal. Dari enam rincian kegiatan tersebut terdapat 89 butir kegiatan yang dibagi habis  kepada 6(enam) jenjang jabatan penilik .&lt;br /&gt;Jenjang Penilik Trampil sebanyak 37 butir kegiatan, yaitu : Penilik Pelaksana memiliki 9 butir kegiatan, Penilik Pelaksana Lanjutan memiliki 13 butir kegiatan, Penilik Penyelia memiliki 15 butir kegiatan.Sedangkan Penilik Ahli sebanyak 52 butir kegiatan, yaitu : Penilik Pertama 19 butir kegiatan,  Penilik Muda memiliki 20 butir kegiatan, Penilik Madya memiliki 13 butir kegiatan.&lt;br /&gt;Disamping tugas pokok dan rincian kegiatan yang harus dilakukan Penilik sesuai dengan jenjang jabatannya, Penilik dapat pula melaksanakan kegiatan dari unsur dan sub unsur kegiatan Penilik yang meliputi : pendidikan, Pendidikan Nonformal, pengembangan profesi dan kegiatan penunjang penilikan.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-5812981398454865760?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/05/kedudukan-dan-tugas-pokok.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-4956313915439466468</guid><pubDate>Sun, 18 May 2008 10:24:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-05-18T17:25:19.251+07:00</atom:updated><title>Peran Penilik</title><description>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;M&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;encermati tugas pokok penilik yaitu merencanakan, memantau, menilai, membimbing, dan melaporkan kegiatan penilikan Pendidikan Nonformal, maka keberadaan Penilik sangat diperlukan dalam rangka menjamin kualitas program Pendidikan Nonformal. Keberhasilan program Pendidikan Nonformal banyak ditentukan oleh faktor pengendalian, baik pengendali pada tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan, maupun tindak lanjut program.&lt;br /&gt;Peran penilik dalam mengendalikan program Pendidikan Nonformal sangatlah diperlukan, karena kualitas penyelenggaraan program   Pendidikan Nonformal saat ini masih memprihatinkan sehingga perlu ditingkatkan, seperti banyaknya program Pendidikan Nonformal yang berhenti tengah jalan, kurang sesuai program Pendidikan Nonformal dengan kebutuhan masyarakat, kurang dirasakannya dampak program Pendidikan Nonformal oleh masyarakat.Semua hal tersebut di atas mengindikasikan rendahnya kualitas penyelenggaraan program Pendidikan Nonformal. Oleh karena itu keberadaan Penilik mutlak diperlukan dalam rangka menjamin kualitas layanan Pendidikan Nonformal pada masyarakat agar dapat dilaksanakan lebih optimal.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-4956313915439466468?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/05/peran-penilik.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-4939975416813826348</guid><pubDate>Sun, 18 May 2008 10:22:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-05-18T17:24:04.063+07:00</atom:updated><title>Rasio Kebutuhan Penilik</title><description>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mengingat kedudukan dan peran Penilik yang sangat penting dalam menjamin kualitas program melalui kegiatan kepenilikan PNF di Kabupaten/Kota, idealnya setiap lima desa perlu ada satu orang Penilik. Sampai saat ini jumlah Kabupaten/Kota seluruh Indonesia sebanyak 400 yang terdiri dari 4.000 kecamatan.Sedangkan jumlah desa sebanyak 70.000.Sehingga kebutuhan Penilik seluruh Indonesia adalah 70.000 : 5 =14.000 orang.&lt;br /&gt;Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan Depdiknas berdasarkan Data di lapangan idealnya Penilik se Indonesia masih kurang 9.161 atau 65,44%.&lt;br /&gt;Rasio Kebutuhan Jabatan Fungsional Penilik ditetapkan berdasarkan :&lt;br /&gt;1.      Hasil Analisis Kebutuhan dengan mempertimbangkan aspek sebagai berikut :&lt;br /&gt;a.      Jenis Pekerjaan Penilik.&lt;br /&gt;            Jenis Pekerjaan Penilik adalah pekerjaan proses pemantauan, penilaian, dan bimbingan terhadap penyelenggaraan Pendidikan Nonformal yang  dilaksanakan oleh organisasi yang menangani Pendidikan Nonformal di lingkungan Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten/Kota.&lt;br /&gt;            Jenis pekerjaan Penilik ditentukan berdasarkan jenis dan jenjang jabatan Penilik yaitu Penilik Tingkat Trampil dan Penilik Tingkat Ahli.Penilik Tingkat Trampil terdiri dari : Penilik Pelaksana, Penilik Pelaksana Lanjutan, dan Penilik Penyelia.Sedangkan Penilik Ahli terdiri dari : Penilik Pertama,Penilik Muda dan Penilik Madya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b.     Sifat Pekerjaan Penilik.&lt;br /&gt;            Sifat pekerjaan Penilik dapat ditinjau dari sudut waktu melaksanakan tugas kepenilikan yang dilakukan selama +  8 jam atau lebih tergantung pada pelaksanaan program PNF di lapangan.&lt;br /&gt;Waktu pelaksanaan penilikan PNF dapat dilakukan pada jam kantor antara jam 7.00 – 15.00 atau lebih banyak di luar jam kantor biasa sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan waktu pelaksanaan program Pendidikan Nonformal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;c.      Analisis Beban Kerja&lt;br /&gt;Analisis Beban Kerja adalah frekwensi rerata jenis pekerjaan Kepenilikan dalam jangka waktu tertentu.Jenis pekerjaan Penilik meliputi pekerjaan merencanakan, melaksanakan, menilai, membimbing dan melaporkan Penilikan PLS.&lt;br /&gt;Jenis pekerjaan tersebut merupakan tugas pokok yang dijabarkan kedalam rincian kegiatan yang menjadi beban kerja jabatan fungsional Penilik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;d.      Prinsip Pelaksanaan Pekerjaan&lt;br /&gt;            Dalam melaksanakan tugas kepenilikan yang meliputi : Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, Pendidikan Kesetaraan Pendidikan Keaksaraan, dan Pendidikan Kursus Kelembagaan membutuhkan tenaga kependidikan dengan kompetensi khusus yang dapat menjamin kualitas layanan program PNF tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;Kompetensi khusus tersebut meliputi : kompetensi tehnis kegiatan kepenilikan dan kompetensi substansi sasaran kepenilikan PNF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                      2.        Jumlah Satuan Pendidikan Nonformal&lt;br /&gt;Menentukan rasio kebutuhan jabatan fungsional Penilik berdasarkan jumlah satuan Pendidikan Nonformal ditentukan sebagai berikut :&lt;br /&gt;a.      Jumlah Satuan Pendidikan Nonformal sampai dengan 10&lt;br /&gt;b.      Jumlah Satuan Pendidikan Nonformal sampai dengan 11-20&lt;br /&gt;c.      Jumlah Satuan Pendidikan Nonformal sampai dengan 21-30&lt;br /&gt;d.      Jumlah Satuan Pendidikan Nonformal lebih dari  30&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berdasarkan pertimbangan analisis kebutuhan yang meliputi 4 aspek (aspek jenis pekerjaan, sifat pekerjaan, analisis beban kerja dan prinsip pelaksanaan pekerjaan) dan jumlah satuan Pendidikan Nonformal di atas serta jumlah desa kelurahan/desa, maka dalam menentukan kebutuhan jabatan fungsional Penilik digunakan ketentuan sebagai berikut :&lt;br /&gt;1.      Jumlah desa sampai dengan lima dengan jumlah satuan Pendidikan Nonformal sampai dengan sepuluh unit diperlukan minimal satu orang Penilik&lt;br /&gt;2.      Jumlah desa antara enam sampai dengan sepuluh dan jumlah satuan Pendidikan Nonformal sebelas sd duapuluh unit dibutuhkan minimal dua orang Penilik&lt;br /&gt;3.      Jumlah desa antara sebelas sampai dengan limabelas dan jumlah satuan Pendidikan Nonformal duapuluh satu sd tigapuluh unit dibutuhkan minimal tiga orang Penilik&lt;br /&gt;4.      Jumlah desa lebih dari enambelas dan jumlah satuan Pendidikan Nonformal lebih dari tigapuluh unit dibutuhkan minimal empat orang Penilik&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rasio jumlah kebutuhan minimal Jabatan Fungsional Penilik dapat dilihat dalam perhitungan tabel berikut :&lt;br /&gt;  No&lt;br /&gt;Desa/Kelurahan&lt;br /&gt;Satuan PNF&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Interval&lt;br /&gt;bobot&lt;br /&gt;Jumlah Penilik&lt;br /&gt;(minimal)&lt;br /&gt;        Jumlah&lt;br /&gt;        Bobot&lt;br /&gt;Jumlah&lt;br /&gt;Bobot&lt;br /&gt;1&lt;br /&gt;&lt; 5 desa&lt;br /&gt;1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;  10&lt;br /&gt;2&lt;br /&gt;0 - 3&lt;br /&gt;1 orang&lt;br /&gt;2&lt;br /&gt;6 -10 desa&lt;br /&gt;2&lt;br /&gt;11 - 20&lt;br /&gt;4&lt;br /&gt;4 – 6&lt;br /&gt;2 orang&lt;br /&gt;3&lt;br /&gt;11 – 15 desa&lt;br /&gt;3&lt;br /&gt;21 – 30&lt;br /&gt;6&lt;br /&gt;7 – 9&lt;br /&gt;3 orang&lt;br /&gt;4&lt;br /&gt;&gt; 15 desa&lt;br /&gt;4&lt;br /&gt;&gt; 30&lt;br /&gt;8&lt;br /&gt;10 -12&lt;br /&gt;4 orang&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;           &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;            Penentuan jenjang jabatan Penilik di setiap Kecamatan memperhatikan keseimbangan beban kerja jabatan Penilik Trampil dan Penilik Ahli di wilayah kerja kecamatan tersebut.  Berdasarkan tabel di atas, maka untuk menentukan kebutuhan jumlah Penilik dilakukan dengan cara menghitung bobot desa dan bobot satuan Pendidikan Nonformal, kemudian melihat interval bobot.Setelah mengetahui jumlah interval bobot, sesuaikan baris pada kolom jumlah Penilik minimal.&lt;br /&gt;Contoh  1:&lt;br /&gt;Misalkan dalam jumlah satu  kecamatan terdiri dri 5 desa dengan jumlah satuan Pendidikan Nonformal 13 unit.Dari contoh di atas, maka kebutuhan jumlah Penilik pada kecamatan tersebut adalah : bobot desa + bobot satuan PNF = 1 + 4 = 5.&lt;br /&gt;Dengan demikian angka 5 pada interval bobot menunjukkan bahwa jumlah penilik pada kecamatan tersebut minimal 2 Penilik. Dari 2 Penilik tersebut sebaiknya memiliki jenis dan jenjang jabatan yang berbeda ( contoh : Penilik Trampil dan Penilik Ahli)&lt;br /&gt;                      Contoh 2 :&lt;br /&gt;Misalkan dalam satu kecamatan terdiri dari 25 desa dengan jumlah satuan Pendidikan Nonformal 50unit.Dari contoh di atas maka kebutuhan jumlah Penilik pada kecamatan tersebut adalah : bobot desa + bobot satuan PNF = 4 + 8 = 12.  Dengan demikian angka 12 pada interval bobot menunjukkan bahwa jumlah Penilik pada kecamatan tersebut mnimal 5 Penilik.Dari 5 Penilik tersebut sebaiknya memiliki jenis dan jenjang jabatan yang berbeda.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Khusus wilayah desa terpencil/ tertinggal , penetapan formasi jabatan fungsional Penilik dapat ditetapkan berdasarkan kebutuhan daerah tersebut.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-4939975416813826348?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/05/rasio-kebutuhan-penilik.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-2885528688548692800</guid><pubDate>Sun, 18 May 2008 10:14:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-05-18T17:21:48.803+07:00</atom:updated><title>Usulan Perpanjangan BUP Penilik.</title><description>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Berdasarkan  uraian di atas , maka diusulkan perpanjangan BUP Penilik sampai dengan 60 tahun, dengan pertimbangan sebagai berikut :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;elum adanya produk hukum yang mengatur tentang BUP Penilik PNF sampai dengan 60 tahun, sedangkan produk hukum yang ada mengatur Penilik TK/SD, Penilik Agama sebagaimana PP Dalam PP no 32 No.B-1407A/F/1979 tanggal 23 Desember 1979  tentang Pemberhentian PNS dalam pasal 3 ayat 2 b butir 11 BUP 60 tahun bagi Penilik Taman Kanak-Kanak,Penilik SD,dan Penilik Pendidikan Agama .&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;edangkan Penilik Dikmas, Pemuda, Olahraga dan Kebudayaan (Penilik saat itu) diinterprestasikan sama dengan Penilik TK/SD, dan Penilik Pendidikan Agama.&lt;br /&gt;Terbukti ketika terbitnya surat Berdasarkan Surat BKN No.K.26-22/V.19-22/99 tanggal 9 Oktober 2001 bagi Penilik Taman Kanak-Kanak,Penilik SD,dan Penilik Pendidikan Agama  digantikan istilah Penilik menjadi Pengawas dengan BUP 60 tahun. Dan Penilik PNF  masih tetap dengan sebutan Penilik BUP menjadi 56 tahun disamakan dengan PNS biasa, bukan masuk dalam rumpun Pengawas Sekolah.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;B&lt;/span&gt;erdasarkan PP No.19 tahun  2003     Pasal 40 ayat 2 butir b  kriteria minimal Penilik :&lt;br /&gt;” Berstatus Pamong Belajar/Pamong atau jabatan sejenis di lingkungan Pendidikan Nonformal, Pemuda dan Olahraga sekurang-kurangnya 5 tahun atau pernah menjadi pengawas satuan Pendidikan Formal”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;apat disimpulkan dari pasal 40 tersebut , bahwa Penilik merupakan jabatan pilihan lain dari berbagai profesi : guru, pamong/pamong belajar dan jabatan lainnya. Tetapi hal tersebut akan kontradiktif dengan BUP penilik sendiri hanya 56 tahun, apa mau?&lt;br /&gt;Guru BUP 60 tahun, Pamong/Pamong Belajar 60 tahun. Selain itu tunjangan fungsional Guru lebih besar, dari pada tunjangan Penilik sendiri.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;ugas Penilik adalah penjamin mutu program PNF( Quality Assurance) sama dengan tugas pengawas sekolah, sedangkan Penilik adalah Pengawas Pendidikan Nonformal.&lt;br /&gt;Yang membedakan dengan pengawas pada selain jalur Pendidikan Nonformal, antara lain : metode, media, sistem, flesibilitas waktu dan input, proses serta outputnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk menjamin akuntabilitas kegiatan merencanakan, melaksanakan, menilai, membimbing dan melaporkan kegiatan Penilikan PNF yang memiliki target /sasaran program yang luas dan beragam di Kabupaten/Kota.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk menumbuhkan kegairahan Penilik dalam memberikan layanan yang terbaik kepada  masyarakat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk memberikan motivasi dan apresiasi kepada Penilik dalam rangka penengembangan     karier bagi jabatan fungsional Penilik.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk mengendalikan dan menjamin mutu program Pendidikan Nonformal di lapangan&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="left"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk memberikan pengalaman yang cukup dalam rangka menyiapkan tenaga Penilik yang memiliki kompetensi tehnis kepenilikan dan substansi program&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-2885528688548692800?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/05/usulan-perpanjangan-bup-penilik.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>1</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-3445584341648645678</guid><pubDate>Wed, 12 Mar 2008 11:39:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-03-12T18:39:18.320+07:00</atom:updated><title>MEDIA INFORMASI PENILIK INDONESIA: PROFILE</title><description>&lt;a href="http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/01/profile.html"&gt;MEDIA INFORMASI PENILIK INDONESIA: PROFILE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-3445584341648645678?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2008/03/media-informasi-penilik-indonesia_12.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5460001025580031568.post-6476511010630672153</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Dec 2007 10:37:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2008-02-05T08:40:35.324+07:00</atom:updated><title>Pengembangan Program Ikatan Penilik Indonesia Tahun 2007</title><description>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;color:#ffff00;"&gt;U&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;paya untuk mempersiapkan tenaga penilik yang profesional dan memiliki produktivitas kerja yang tinggi sebagai tenaga fungsional pada tahun 2007, maka dipandang perlu Pengurus IPI Pusat bekerja sama dengan Direktorat PTK-PNF untuk melaksanakan kegiatan Pendataan Penilik sebagai peta sebaran jumlah Penilik di Indonesia, Capacity Building Kepenilikan dan Workshop Penyusunan Bahan Standar Kompentensi Penilik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pengembangan Program IPI Pusat ini, bertujuan untuk 1) menghasilkan data Penilik yang valid, 2) Meningkatkan kinerja Penilik dalam melaksanakan kegiatan kepenilikan program PNF di lapangan secara professional dan 3) tersusunnya bahan standar kompetensi Tenaga Kependikan PNF dan Aspek Uji kompetensi Penilik .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Selanjutnya pelaksanaan Pengembangan Program IPI ini khususnya kegiatan Capacity Building Kepenilikan dan Workshop Penyusunan Bahan Standar Kompetensi Penilik merupakan tinjauan dari PP No. 19 tahun 2005 agar perekrutan , penempatan dan peningkatan mutu penilik memiliki kompetensi dasar secara Nasional dan bekerja secara professional, lihat &lt;a href="http://penilikpls.wordpress.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ffcc00;"&gt;http://penilikpls.wordpress.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ffcc00;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Berdasarkan PP Nomor 19 tahun 2005 pasal 40 disebutkan bahwa penilik sebagai pengawas pendidikan non formal (PNF) yang dilakukan oleh penilik satuan Pendidikan Non Formal. Sebagai pengawas PNF kedudukan Penilik sangat strategis dalam Penyelenggaraan Program Pendidikan Non Formal di Indonesia. Mengingat kebutuhan peningkatan kualitas pelayanan Pendidikan Non Formal dan banyaknya permasalahan yang ada dalam penyelenggaraan maka harus segera di atasi dan dibutuhkan &lt;span style="color:#ffff00;"&gt;Quality Assurance&lt;/span&gt; (penjamin mutu) (Penilik) yang banyak dengan dasar pemerataan dan perimbangan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berkaitan dengan tuntutan tersebut di atas maka kebutuhan Penilik yang banyak dan merata akan menunjang keberhasilan mutu pelayanan Pendidikan Non Formal di Indonesia tetapi kondisi nyata di lapangan bahwa jumlah penilik selalu berubah-ubah setiap tahun, setiap semester bahkan setiap bulannya. Hal ini disebabkan adanya promosi jabatan , pindah kerja atau pensiun. Berdasarkan data dari Direktorat PTKPNF bulan September, 2006 Penilik di Indonesia berjumlah 6.651 orang yang tersebar di 33 provinsi sebagai quality assurance program PNF.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebagai penjamin mutu program PNF, maka apakah sebagai Penilik sudah jelas kompetensinya memenuhi standar yang diharapkan dalam menduduki jabatan fungsional penilik ? untuk itu sebagai langkah kerja Pengurus Pusat Ikatan Penilik Indonesia tahun 2007 perlu segera membuat pengembangan Program IPI antara lain Pendataan pada Penilik, Capacity Buliding dan Workshop Penyusunan Bahan Standar Kompetensi Penilik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dalam rangka peningkatan kualitas pelayanan Pendidikan Nonformal dan informal yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan masyarakat, maka Ikatan Penilik Indonesia perlu segera mendata jumlah penilik seluruh Indonesia agar dapat memberikan advokasi peningkatan mutu penilik melalui capacity building, seminar, workshop diklat fungsional penilik dan lain sebagainya, &lt;em&gt;(Arif Nasdianto, Penilik DKI)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5460001025580031568-6476511010630672153?l=penilikpls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://penilikpls.blogspot.com/2007/12/media-informasi-penilik-indonesia.html</link><author>ipipusat@sindotechno.net (IPI PUSAT)</author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>1</thr:total></item></channel></rss>